Aenied

Question 1

Lines 12-16: “Urbs antīqua fuit, Tyriī tenuēre colōnī, Karthāgō, Ītaliam contrā Tiberīnaque longē ōstia, dīves opum studiīsque asperrima bellī, quam Iūnō fertur terrīs magis omnibus ūnam posthabitā coluisse Samō; hīc illius arma,”

Answer 1

“There was an ancient city (Tyrian settlers possessed it) / Carthage, facing Italy and the mouth of the river Tiber far away, / rich in resources and very fierce in activities of war, / which alone Juno is said to have cared for more than any other land, / since she esteemed Samos less. Here was her armour,”

Question 2

STYLE Lines 12-16: “Urbs antīqua fuit, Tyriī tenuēre colōnī, Karthāgō, Ītaliam contrā Tiberīnaque longē ōstia, dīves opum studiīsque asperrima bellī, quam Iūnō fertur terrīs magis omnibus ūnam posthabitā coluisse Samō; hīc illius arma,”

Answer 2

Line 14: “dives … asperrima” = chiasmus (deepens idea of Carthage’s dominance)
Line 15: “quam … unam” = enclosing order (Juno cherishes the whole of Carthage)

Question 3

Lines 17-22: “hīc currus fuit; hōc rēgnum dea gentibus esse, sī quā Fāta sinant, iam tum tenditque fovetque. Prōgeniem sed enim Trōiānō ā sanguine dūcī audierat, Tyriās olim quae verteret arcēs; hinc populum lātē regem bellōque superbum ventūrum excidiō Libyae: sīc volvere Parcās.”

Answer 3

“here was her chariot; even then the goddess both cherished and aimed / that, if the Fates allowed it in any way, this should be the kingdom of all races. / But in fact she had heard that offspring was being produced from Trojan blood / to overthrow the Tyrian citadels someday: / from this a race would come ruling far and wide and arrogant in war / to destroy Libya; thus, the Fates were turning.”

Question 4

STYLE Lines 17-22: “hīc currus fuit; hōc rēgnum dea gentibus esse, sī quā Fāta sinant, iam tum tenditque foretque. Prōgeniem sed enim Trōiānō ā sanguine dūcī audierat, Tyriās olim quae verteret arcēs; hinc populum lātē regem bellōque superbum ventūrum excidiō Libyae: sīc volvere Parcās.”

Answer 4

Line 18: “tenditque foretque” = hendiadys (“one idea through two” = emphasises her hope for Carthage)
Line 19: “Troiano a” = postposition (emphasises the sense of “from within the Trojan race”)

Question 5

Lines 23-28: “Id metuēns, veterisque memor Sāturnia bellī, prīma quod ad Trōiam prō cārīs gesserat Argīs - necdum etiam causae īrārum saevīque dolōrēs exciderant animō: manet altā mente repostum iūdicium Paridis sprētaeque iniūria fōrmae, et genus invīsum, et raptī Ganymēdis honōrēs.”

Answer 5

“The daughter of Saturn, fearing this and mindful of the old war, / which she had previously waged near Troy on behalf of her beloved Greeks - / for even now the causes of her outbursts of anger and her savage pains / had not yet disappeared from her mind; / the judgement of Paris and the insult done to her spurned beauty / and the hated race and the honours given to the snatched Ganymede remain buried deep in her mind:”

Question 6

STYLE Lines 23-28: “Id metuēns, veterisque memor Sāturnia bellī, prīma quod ad Trōiam prō cārīs gesserat Argīs - necdum etiam causae īrārum saevīque dolōrēs exciderant animō: manet altā mente repostum iūdicium Paridis sprētaeque iniūria fōrmae, et genus invīsum, et raptī Ganymēdis honōrēs.”

Answer 6

Line 23: dactylic line (sharp, exasperating fear)
Line 26: spondaic line (slows pace and interrupts pattern of 3 dactyls = Juno’s deep-seated resentment)

Question 7

Lines 29-33: “Hīs accēnsa super, iactātōs aequore tōtō Trōas, rēliquiās Danaum atque immītis Achillī, arcēbat longē Latiō, multōsque per annōs errābant, āctī Fātīs, maria omnia circum. Tantae mōlis erat Rōmānam condere gentem!”

Answer 7

“fired by these injustices as well, she kept the Trojans tossed about over the whole sea, / the remnants left by the Greeks and the savage Achilles, / far from Latium, and for many years / they wandered, driven by the Fates, around all the seas. / So heavy was the cost of founding the Roman race!”

Question 8

STYLE Lines 29-33: “Hīs accēnsa super, iactātōs aequore tōtō Trōas, rēliquiās Danaum atque immītis Achillī, arcēbat longē Latiō, multōsque per annōs errābant, āctī Fātīs, maria omnia circum. Tantae mōlis erat Rōmānam condere gentem!”

Answer 8

Line 29: “iactatos … Troas” = chiasmus (emphasises rough and violent conditions of the Mediterranean and the Trojans being separated and lost)
Line 33: spondaic line (heavy-sounding = long, difficult and gradual process to establish Rome - makes an audience thankful for their ancestors’ sacrifices and effort)

Question 9

Lines 34-38: “Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum vela dabant laeti, et spumas salis aere ruebant, cum Iuno, aeternum servans sub pectore volnus, haec secum: ‘Mene incepto desistere victam, nec posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem?”

Answer 9

“Scarcely out of sight of Sicily, / the Trojans were happily sailing into the high sea and churning up the foamy salt sea with their bronze prows, / when Juno, retaining the everlasting wound beneath her breast, / said these words to herself: ‘to think that I, defeated, should give up my purpose, / and not be able to divert the king of the Trojans from Italy!”

Question 10

STYLE Lines 34-38: “Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum vela dabant laeti, et spumas salis aere ruebant, cum Iuno, aeternum servans sub pectore volnus, haec secum: ‘Mene incepto desistere victam, nec posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem?”

Answer 10

Line 36: “aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus” = enclosing order (reflects Juno’s internal, eternal resentment)
Line 37: spondaic line (emphasises Juno’s exasperation)
Line 38: “Italia Teucronum” = juxtaposition (Italy vs Trojans = representative of the aim for Juno’s resentment)

Question 11

Lines 39-41: “Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem
Argivom atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto, unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oilei?”

Answer 11

“Of course, I am forbidden by the Fates. Was Pallas able to / burn up the fleet of the Greeks and drown the Greeks themselves in the sea / because of one man’s offence and the madness of Ajax of Oileus?”

Question 12

STYLE Lines 39-41: “Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem
Argivom atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto, unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oilei?”

Answer 12

Line 39: “quippe” = sarcasm (emphatic position for Juno’s exasperation)
Line 41: “unius” = emphatic position (“one” for Pallas vs a whole race for Juno - reflects her indignation)

Question 13

Lines 42-45: “Ipsa, Iovis rapidum iaculata e nubibus ignem, disiecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis, illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto.”

Answer 13

“She, herself, hurling the swift thunderbolt of Juliter from the clouds, / both scattered the ships and upturned the seas with the winds, / while Ajax, as he breathed forth a flame from his pierced chest, / was snatched up by Pallas and impaled on a sharp rock.”

Question 14

STYLE Lines 42-45: “Ipsa, Iovis rapidum iaculata e nubibus ignem, disiecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis, illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto.”

Answer 14

Line 42: dactylic line (tension and speed of thunderbolt)
Line 44: spondaic line (last painful gasp of Ajax)
Line 45: “tuRbine coRRuipuit” = alliteration (imitates winds and Ajax being snatched up into the air)

Question 15

Lines 46-49: “Ast ego, quae divom incedo regina, Iovisque et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos bella gero! Et quisquam numen Iunonis adoret praeterea, aut supplex aris imponet honorem?’ “

Answer 15

“But I, who walks stately as the queen of the gods, / and as both the sister and wife of Jupiter, for so many years / I have waged wars with one race. And does anyone worship / the divine power of Juno, or even, will anyone place an offering upon her altars?’ “

Question 16

STYLE Lines 46-49: “Ast ego, quae divom incedo regina, Iovisque et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos bella gero! Et quisquam numen Iunonis adoret praeterea, aut supplex aris imponet honorem?’ “

Answer 16

Line 46: “ast” = archaic form (represents Juno’s restrictions vs the freedom of Pallas)
Lines 46-47: “Iovisque et soror et coniunx” = tri-colon + polysyndeton (lists Juno’s titles - sense of authority)
Line 49: rhetorical Q (amplifies sense of rejection & loss for Juno)

Question 17

Lines 50-54: “Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris, Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras imperio remit ac vinclis et carcere frenat.”

Answer 17

“The goddess, turning over such thoughts with herself in her inflamed heart, / came to the land of the clouds, Aeolia, an area teeming with raging south winds. / Here, king Aeolus, with his powers, / confines the struggling winds and sounding storms within a huge cave / and curbs them with chains and a prison.”

Question 17

STYLE Lines 50-54: “Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris, Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras imperio remit ac vinclis et carcere frenat.”

Answer 17

Line 50: “talia flammato” = metaphor (internal fire of anger)
Line 51: “feta furentibus” = alliterative “f” + dactyl (imitates violent, whistling winds)
Line 53: “luctanteS ventoS tempeStateSque SonoraS” = chiasmus + spondaic line + alliteration (mirrors the struggling and unruly winds)

Question 18

Lines 55-57: “Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et temperat iras.”

Answer 18

“The winds, indignant, roar with the mighty murmur of the mountain / around the prison bars; Aeolus, sitting in his lofty citadel / holding a sceptre, soothes their feelings and restrains their outbursts of anger.”

Question 19

STYLE Lines 55-57: “Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et temperat iras.”

Answer 19

Line 55: “MurMure Montis” = alliteration (imitates the rumble of the winds in the hollow mountain)
Line 56: “Circum Claustra” = alliteration (mimics the rattling cage/prison bars)
Line 57: “mollitque animos et temperat iras.” = balance (represents sense of order - Aeolus calms and restrains the winds)

Question 20

Lines 58-63: “Ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum
quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras. Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, hoc metuens, molemque et montis insuper altos imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo
et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas.”

Answer 20

“If he did not do this, they would doubtlessly / the winds would carry away with them the seas, lands and high heavens: sweep with them through the breezes; / but the all-powerful father, / fearing this, hid them in dark caverns, placed a massive of high on top, / and gave them a king so that, under a fixed contract / he might know both how to tighten and relax and give the reins when ordered.”

Question 21

STYLE Lines 58-63: “Ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum
quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras. Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, hoc metuens, molemque et montis insuper altos imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo

Answer 21

Line 60: “omnipotens” = compound adjective for dramatic effect (common feature of Roman epic poetry, emphasises greatness of Jupiter)
Line 61: “Metuens MoleMque” = alliteration + hendiadys (emphasises mountains’ size and sheer weight, imitates a murmur/stutter of awe)

Question 22

Lines 64-67: “Ad quem tum Iuno supplex his vocibus usa est:
‘Aeole, namque tibi divom pater atque hominum rex et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento,
gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,”

Answer 22

“To him, then, Juno used these words in supplication: / ‘Aeolus (because, to you, the father of the gods and the king of men / has granted both the power to calm the waves and raise them with the winds), / a race hostile to me sails the Etruscan sea,”

Question 23

STYLE Lines 64-67: “Ad quem tum Iuno supplex his vocibus usa est:
‘Aeole, namque tibi divom pater atque hominum rex et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento,
gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,”

Answer 23

Line 65: “(NAMquam…)” = usually found at the start of a prayer (Juno’s bribery is against the law of the gods and Jupiter - she is later punished for this)
Line 65: “divum pater atque hominum rex” = balance (flattery, breaks rhythm - Juno’s cruel desires seeping through her facade)

Question 24

Lines 68-70: “Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates: incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, aut age diversos et disiice corpora ponto.”

Answer 24

“carrying Troy and its defeated household gods, to Italy: / strike violence into the winds, sink and destroy their ships, / or drive them different directions and scatter the bodies in the ocean.“

Question 25

STYLE Lines 68-70: “Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates: incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, aut age diversos et disiice corpora ponto.”

Answer 25

Line 68: “Ilium in Italiam portans … penates” = assonance + alliterative plosive “p” (seething anger - auditory rage) Line 68: dactylic line (Juno’s anger building up as she talks of the Trojans - true resentment) Line 69/70: “incute … age … dissice” = imperative verbs (Juno controlling/bribing Aeolus, immediacy of the situation)

Question 26

Lines 71-75: “Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae, quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea, conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo, omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos exigat, et pulchra faciat te prole parentem.' “

Answer 26

“I have twice seven Nymphs of outstanding body, / of whom she who is the most beautiful in form, Deiopea, / I will join with you in steadfast marriage and consecrate her as your own, / so that, in return for such services, she might spends all her years with you / and make you a parent with beautiful offspring.’ “

Question 27

STYLE Lines 71-75: “Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae, quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea, conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo, omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos exigat, et pulchra faciat te prole parentem.' “

Answer 27

Line 71: “bis … Nymphae” = enclosing order (emphasis of the bribe to Aeolus) Line 73: “stabili propriamque” = juxtaposition (emphasises that the arranged marriage will be “steadfast” (Juno is goddess of marriage bribing him) - Deiopea will be exclusively for Aeolus)

Question 28

Line 76-80: “Aeolus haec contra: 'Tuus, O regina, quid optes explorare labor; mihi iussa capessere fas est. Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Iovemque concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divom, nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.' “

Answer 28

“In answer to this Aeolus said: ‘O queen, it’s your task to search out what you desire; / for me, it is right to carry out your orders. / You provide for me this modest kingdom, the sceptre and Jupiter’s favour, / you grant me to recline at the banquet of the gods, / and make me master of the clouds and storms.’ “

Question 29

STYLE Lines 76-80: “Aeolus haec contra: 'Tuus, O regina, quid optes explorare labor; mihi iussa capessere fas est. Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Iovemque concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divom, nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.' “

Answer 29

Line 76: “o regina” = flattery Line 77: “fas” = divine right Line 78/79: “tu … , tu … , tu …” = anaphora + tri-colon (Aeolus thanks Juno for all she has provided for him) Line 80: “TempesTaTumque poTenTem.” = alliteration + spondee (imitates storms/whirling winds - Aeolus’ powers)

Question 30

Lines 81-86: “Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem impulit in latus: ac venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.”

Answer 30

“When these things had been said, reversing his spear, / Aeolus struck the hollow mountain on the side; and the winds, as if they formed and army, / rush to wherever the passage had been given and blow through the lands in a whirlwind. / They fell upon the sea, / and Eurus (Easterly) and Notus (Southerly) together with Africus (Stormy S.Westerly), abundant with storms, churn up everything from their lowest depths, / and roll huge waves towards the coasts.”

Question 31

STYLE Lines 81-86: “Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem impulit in latus: ac venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.”

Answer 31

Line 81: “Cavum Conversa Cuspide” = alliteration (infers Aeolus struck the mountain 3 times) Line 83: alliterative “r” and “t” (roaring winds forming a whirlwind) Lines 81-84: all lines begin with a dactyl (emphasises speed and violence of the winds) Line 85: “una” = emphatic adverb “together” (rare - emphasises combined power of the winds)

Question 32

Lines 87-91: “Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat atra. Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether, praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.”

Answer 32

“There follows both a shout of men and the hissing of cables; / suddenly, the clouds snatch up away both the sky and the daylight / from the eyes of the Trojans; black night falls upon the sea; / the heavens thundered, the upper air flashes with abundant fires, / and everything threatens instant death for the men.”

Question 33

STYLE Lines 87-91: “Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat atra. Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether, praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.”

Answer 33

Line 87: “clamorque virum stridorque rudentem;” = balance (Aeneas’ smooth plan to flee and find a new homeland destroyed by the winds) Line 88: “erupiunt subito nubes” = personification (cruel human-like clouds act as a villain to destroy Aeneas’ fleet) Line 91: “praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.” = enclosing order + spondaic line + emphatic “mortem” (heavy-sounding, morbid line, Fates have turned on the Trojans and they are doomed to “instant death”)

Question 34

Lines 92-95: “Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra: ingemit, et duplicis tendens ad sidera palmas talia voce refert: 'O terque quaterque beati, quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis contigit oppetere!”

Answer 34

“Immediately, Aeneas’ limbs were loosened with an icy terror; / he groaned and, stretching out both his palms towards the stars, / he repeated such words aloud: ‘O thrice and four times blessed are those / to whom it befell to die before the faces of their fathers beneath the lofty walls of Troy!”

Question 35

STYLE Lines 92-95: “Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra: ingemit, et duplicis tendens ad sidera palmas talia voce refert: 'O terque quaterque beati, quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis contigit oppetere!”

Answer 35

Line 92: spondaic line (Aeneas frozen in terror - our first impression of our epic hero) Line 94: “ ‘o terque quaterque beati” = echo of Odysseus

Question 36

Lines 96-101: “O Danaum fortissime gentis Tydide! Mene Iliacis occumbere campis non potuisse, tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit?' “

Answer 36

“O son of Tydus (Diomedes), bravest of the race of the Greeks! / To think that I was not able to fall / on the plains of Troy and pour out this life beneath your right hand, / where fierce Hector lies beneath the spear of the descendants of Aeacus (Achilles) / where the mighty Sarpedeon (Trojan warrior killed in Trojan War by Patroclus) lies, where the Simois (small river near Troy), having seized so many / shields of heroes, rolls them, helmets and brave bodies beneath its waves.’ “

Question 37

STYLE Lines 96-101: “O Danaum fortissime gentis Tydide! Mene Iliacis occumbere campis non potuisse, tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit?' “

Answer 37

Line 98: “tuaque … dextra,” = enclosing order (Aeneas wishes to have died within the walls of Troy - a more commendable death) Line 99/100: “saevus ubi … , ubi … , ubi = anaphora + tri-colon (emphasises Aeneas’ exasperation)

Question 38

Lines 102-107: “Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit. Fraguntur remi; tum prora avertit, et undis dat latus; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda dehiscens terram inter fluctus aperit; furit aestus harenis.”

Answer 38

“While he was shouting these words, a storm, whistling with the north wind, / struck the sail full force in front, and raised the waves to the stars. / The oars were broken, then the prow turned away and offered / the side to the waves; a sheer mountain of water followed in a mass. / some of the Trojans hung on the top of the wave, for others a yawning wave revealed the earth among the waves, while the seething sea raged with the sands.”

Question 39

STYLE Lines 102-107: “Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit. Fraguntur remi; tum prora avertit, et undis dat latus; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda dehiscens terram inter fluctus aperit; furit aestus harenis.”

Answer 39

Line 103: “VElum adVErsa Ferit, Fluctusque…” = assonance + alliterative fricative “f” (imitates the storms striking the sails) Line 104: “fragentur remi, tum prora avertit” = chiasmus (irregular - everything going wrong for the Trojans, they are doomed) Line 105: “… mons” = emphatic monosyllable (emphasises the size and cruelty of the waves)

Question 40

Lines 108-112: “Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet - saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus aras - dorsum immane mari summo; tris Eurus ab alto in brevia et Syrtis urget, miserabile visu, inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit harenae.”

Answer 40

“The South wind, having snatched up three ships, hurled them onto hidden rocks / (rocks in the middle of the waves which the Italians call the Altars, / a huge ridge on the top of the sea); the East winds pushed three ships / onto the shoals and sandbanks and, wretched to behold, / dashed them onto the shallows and surrounded them with a mound of sand.”

Question 41

STYLE Lines 108-112: “Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet - saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus aras - dorsum immane mari summo; tris Eurus ab alto in brevia et Syrtis urget, miserabile visu, inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit harenae.”

Answer 41

Line 110: “dorsuM iMMane Mari suMMo” = alliteration (emphasises the immense size of the ‘Altar’ ridge) Line 112: “aggere cingit” = military terms (Aeolus = military commander of the winds)

Question 42

Lines 113-117: “Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus in puppim ferit: excutitur pronusque magister volvitur in caput; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex.”

Answer 42

“The huge sea, falling from its highest point, struck one ship, which was carrying the Lycians and faithful Orontes, on the stern, before the very eyes of Aeneas: the helmsman is shaken off and as he bends forwards, he is rolled headlong, as for the ship, a wave whirls round three times, driving it around, and a devouring whirlpool swallows it up in the sea.”

Question 43

STYLE Lines 113-117: “Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus in puppim ferit: excutitur pronusque magister volvitur in caput; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex.”

Answer 43

Line 114: “ingens a vertice pontus” = enclosing order + balance (absolute control of the waves over the Trojan fleet) Line 117: alliterative “r” and “v” + dactylic line (resembles the rapid swallowing up of the ship)

Question 44

Lines 118-123: “Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto, arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas. Iam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis Achati, et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, vicit hiems; laxis laterum compagibus omnes accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.”

Answer 44

“Scattered men become visible swimming in the immense whirlpool, along with the arms of men, planks and Trojans treasure throughout the waves. Now the storm overcame Ilioneus’ strong ship, now brave Achates’, and both the ship in which Abas was carried and the one in which Aletes, advanced in years, was carried; when the joints of the sides had been loosened, all the ships take in the hostile water and gape with cracks.”

Question 45

STYLE Lines 118-123: “Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto, arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas. Iam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis Achati, et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, vicit hiems; laxis laterum compagibus omnes accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.”

Answer 45

Lines 119-121: repetition of “et”, “que” & “iam” (polysyndeton, emphasises the extent of the wreckage) Line 123: “accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt” = chiasmus + assonance of “i” (emphasises the personification of the water as an “inimicus” - a personal enemy)