Aerobic Bio-energetic Systems (oxidative)

Question 1

What are the 2 parts of the oxidative system?

Answer 1

Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain

Question 2

What are the by-products of the krebs cycle per turn?

Answer 2

3 NADH

1 FADH

1 ATP

Question 3

Which by-products of the krebs cycle go to the Electron transport chain?

Answer 3

NADH and FADH

Question 4

What is Cytochrome C?

Answer 4

A protein that is essential for the proper function of ETC.

Question 5

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

Answer 5

Production of energy

Question 6

What is the last enzyme used in the ETC?

Answer 6

ATP synthase

Question 7

What is the amount of ATP per NADH and FADH molecule?

Answer 7

NADH 2.5 ATP

FADH 1.5 ATP

Question 8

What is glucose?

Answer 8

Simple sugar that is a big source of energy. Found in the blood and is the main sugar that the body makes out of the macronutrients.

Question 9

What is glycogen?

Answer 9

Stored form of glucose. Found in muscle and liver.

Question 10

What is the hydrogen acceptor and combines with hydrogen to form water? (keeps ETS going)

Answer 10

Oxygen

Question 11

Where does the Krebs cycle and ETS occur?

Answer 11

Mitochondria

Question 12

What is the function of the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

Answer 12

It is used as a shuttle to enter the mitochondria and give a hydrogen to FAD. Loses an ATP

Question 13

Where is the glycerol phosphate shuttle found?

Answer 13

Fast skeletal muscle

Question 14

Where is the malate aspartate shuttle found?

Answer 14

Highly aerobic muscle cells (Heart and type I)

Question 15

What is the function of the malate aspartate?

Answer 15

To shuttle directly from the cytoplasm NADH to mitochondrial NADH. No energy is lost

Question 16

What are the 4 advantages of the oxidative system?

Answer 16

1. Not limited to a single substrate (can use CHO, Fat, Protein)
2. Large quantities of ATP re-synthesized (30 ATP from glucose vs 2 ATP from glycolysis)
3. Keeps ADP and Pi low
4. Helps maintain cytoplasmic NAD

Question 17

What are the 6 disadvantages of the oxidative system?

Answer 17

1. Slow process
2. Takes places on the mitochondria; away from the action site (slower)
3. Two separate stages both with several steps; multiple places for failure
4. Requires O2 to keep process going.
5. Needs multiple mechanisms to produce acetyl CoA
   a) Glycolysis
   b) Lipolysis
   c) Proteolysis
6. Must have NAD to operate

Question 18

What is the glycolysis reaction to make Acetyl CoA?

Answer 18

Glucose ==> pyruvate ==> Acetyl CoA

Question 19

What is the lipolysis reaction to make Acetyl CoA?

Answer 19

1. Triglyceride ==> Free fatty acid (FFA)

2. Beta oxidation: FFA ==> Acetyl CoA

Question 20

What is the proteolysis reaction to make Acetyl CoA?

Answer 20

Amino acid (AA) deamination: AA ==> Acetyl CoA

Question 21

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 21

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

Question 22

What is Lipolysis?

Answer 22

Breakdown of fatty acids from glycerol.

Triglycerides = glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 23

What happens after lipolysis?

Answer 23

FFA and glycerol enter the bloodstream.

Question 24

What is beta oxidation?

Answer 24

Breakdown of FFA into Acetyl CoA

Question 25

What does the long chain FFA need to be transported into the mitochondria?

Answer 25

Carnitine

Question 26

What happens when FFA enters the mitochondria?

Answer 26

The loss of 2 ATP

Question 27

How many carbons in each Acetyl CoA?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

What is proteolysis?

Answer 28

Breakdown of protein

Question 29

What is deaminate?

Answer 29

Removal of an amino group (NH3 removal)

Question 30

Where can deaminated amino acids be used?

Answer 30

Gluconeogenesis and in the production of oxaloacetate (OAA)

Question 31

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 31

The manufacturing of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Question 32

What are the 4 principal sources used for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 32

Lactate Pyruvate Glycerol Amino Acids

Question 33

Where gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 33

Liver or resting skeletal muscle (requires as many as 4 ATP)

Question 34

What is fat utitlization dependent on?

Answer 34

Oxaloacetate (OAA)

Question 35

What is OAA made from?

Answer 35

Glucose (carbs) and amino acids (proteins)

Question 36

What does "Fat must burn in the presence of CHO" mean?

Answer 36

If no CHO is present, fat utilization causes self cannibalism.

Question 37

What part of the oxidative system is Acetyl CoA part of?

Answer 37

Krebs cycle

Question 38

What part of the oxidative system is NADH and FADH part of?

Answer 38

ETC

Question 39

What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 39

To take Acetyl CoA and turn it into 3NADH, 1FADH and 1ATP