AEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Microscopic appearance of Bacillus
A
Large, boxcar-shaped, gram (+) rods with clear, unstained, central spore of “empty space”
2
Q
Spore-forming, facultative anaerobic, motile, (+) Catalase and VP
A
Bacillus
3
Q
Common isolates of Bacillus
A
B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis. B. pumilus, and B. licheniformis
4
Q
Clinically significant Bacillus
A
B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. mycoides
5
Q
Common human pathogens of Bacilli
A
B. anthracis and B. cereus
6
Q
The causative agent of anthrax
A
Bacillus anthracis
7
Q
All bacillus are motile (peritrichous) except:
A
B. anthracis and B. mycoides
8
Q
The most pathogenic species in Bacillus and not part of human microbiota
A
Bacillus anthrax
9
Q
Appearance of B. anthracis if penicillin (10 U/mL) is added to the culture medium
A
String of pearl
10
Q
Virulence factor of B. anthracis
A
D-glutamic capsule and protein exotoxins (edema factor, protective antigen, lethal factor)
11
Q
Growth factor of B. anthracis
A
Thiamine
12
Q
Microscopic appearance of B. anthracis
A
Bamboo fishing rod appearance with an unstained central spore
13
Q
Appearance of colonies in BAP of B. anthracis
A
Medusa head appearance with swirling projections and non hemoltic
14
Q
The appearance of B. anthracis if inoculating loop is used to pull up the colonies
A
Beaten egg white appearance
15
Q
It is a disease that primarily affects animals, such as goats and sheep, by feeding one plants that are contaminated with the spores and not through animal-to-person transmission
A
Anthrax
16
Q
Complication of anthrax
A
Meningitis
17
Q
The most common type of anthrax and the least fatal
A
Cutaneous anthrax
18
Q
A necrotic and painless central area that does produce pus and seen in cutaneous anthrax
A
Black eschar
19
Q
Preferred sample for Cutaneous anthrax
A
Vesical fluid or swab specimen from the edge of the eschar
20
Q
It is the most severe form of anthrax
A
Pulmonary anthrax
21
Q
Other name for pulmonary anthrax
A
Woolsorter’s disease
22
Q
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary anthrax
A
Mild fever, fatigue, malaise, and dyspnea
23
Q
Preferred sample of pulmonary anthrax
A
Sputum
24
Q
Spores are inoculated into a lesion on the intestinal mucosa following their ingestion
A
Gastrointestinal anthrax
25
Signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax
Abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea
26
Preferred sample for gastrointestinal anthrax
Stool
27
This type of anthrax has been identified among users of prohibited drugs
Injection anthrax
28
This type of anthrax is associated with severe soft tissue infection
Injection anthrax
29
Preferred sample of injection anthrax
Swab specimens from the affected areas and blood culture
30
Processing of samples for B. anthracis should only be done in biological safety cabinet with provisions for
Biological safety level 3
31
Specimen collection requirement for B. anthracis
collect 2 separate swabs, one each for the culture and molecular assay (PCR) and should be pre-moistened with sterile saline
32
For swab sample intended for both culture and RT-PCR, it should be transported at
2-8 degree Celsius while -70 degree Celsius is the best storage condition if the specimen will be for molecular assay only
33
It can provide rapid presumptive diagnosis for B. anthracis
Fluorescent microscopy
34
Gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis B. anthracis
cultivation/culturing
35
Spore stains for B. anthracis
Malachite green and McFadyean
36
Enrichment and selective technique for B. antracis
Application of heat or alcohol shock technique before plating
37
Capsule stain for B. anthracis
India ink
38
Recommended for identification of B. anthracis in fecal specimen
PEA
39
Used in isolating Bacillus from contaminated specimens
PEA and PLET
40
It is used to determine if the produce lecithinase, in which the medium will have an opaque zone
EYA
41
The appearance of B. anthracis in gelatin medium
Inverted pine tree
42
It serves as another point of confirmation for the presence of B. anthracis
Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)
43
It detects thermostable anthrax antigens and rabbit antiserum to observe precipitin formation
(+) Formation of precipitin band after less than 15 minutes
Ascoli test (Precipitin test)
44
It is used for initial intravenous therapy until results for the AST are released
Ciproflaixn or doxycycline
45
This method has been very useful for the accurate differentiation of genus Bacillus from the emerging genera such as Geobacillus, Paenibacillus, and Brevibacillus
MALDI-TOF Spectrometry
46
It causes food poisoning due to ingestion of contaminated cooked rice dishes or other food products
Bacillus cereus (Fried rice bacilli)
47
It is the most commonly encountered bacillus spp. in opportunistic infections that causes eye and ear infection
Bacillus cereus
48
It has frosted glass appearance in BAP
B. cereus
49
Best specimen for isolation of B. cereus
Suspected contaminated food (>10^5 cells/gram)
50
It is associated with the ingestion of contaminated poultry, meat, and vegetables
Diarrheal type
51
Incubation period of Diarrheal type food poisoning of B. cereus
8 to 16 hours
52
Symptoms of Diarrheal type
Abdominal pain and watery diarrhea without fever
53
(+) Production of heat-labile enterotoxin
Diarrheal type
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It is associated with the ingestion of improperly stored cooked/fried rice
Emetic type
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Emetic type is caused by
B. cereus type 1
56
Incubation period of emetic type bacteria
1 to 6 hours
57
Symptoms of emetic type
Abdominal cramps, nausea, and profuse vomiting but no fever
58
(+) Production of heat stable enterotoxin
Emetic type
59
It is the most commonly encountered laboratory contaminant
Bacillus subtilis (Hay bacillus)
60
It is the source of bacitracin antibiotic
B. subtilis
61
It is used as a biological indicator in sterilization method
B. pumilus
62
BAP- Colonies are large and moist with a blister like appearance, and beta hemolysis
Bacillus pumilus
63
Majority of these species are found as indigenous microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and found in fresh water, salt water, soil, and air
Corynebacterium
64
Corynebacterium is closely related to
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
65
The cell walls of Corynebacterium contain
Mesodiaminopimelic acid
66
Corynebacterium are glucose and maltose fermenter except
C. urealyticum and C. psuedodiptheriticum
67
Have a "club-shaped" appearance and palisade arrangement. Cells are highly pleomorphic, arranged in pairs, and create X, V,Y, and L formations that closely resembles Chinese letter
Corynebacterium
68
non-sporeforming, facultative anaerobe, non encapsulated, non motile, highly pleomorphic, glucose and malatose fermenter
(+) catalase and oxidase
Corynebacterium
69
This groupof corynebacterium are fastidious corynebacteria that require 48 hours of incubation before any growth can be observed. The addition of lipids in the culture medium enhances the bacterial growth
Lypophilic corynebacterium (C. jeikeium and C. urealyticum
70
This group of corynebacterium exhibit fermentative or oxidative metabolism
Non-lipophilic corynebacteria (C. amycolatum, C. diptheriae, C. psuedotuberculosis, C. striatum, C. ulcerans, C. xerosi)
71
It is also known as the diptheria bacillus or Kleb-Loffler bacillus
Corynebacterium diptheriae
72
Not part of the indigenous microbiota of the respiratory tract, and it only inhabits the human nasopharynx in a carrier state
Corynebacterium diptheriae
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Preferred medium for Corynebacterium diptheriae
Enriched medium with serum, cystine, and potassium tellurite
74
Best specimen for C. diptheriae
Nasopharyngeal and throat swab
75
Biotype of C. diptheriae with small, shiny, and grayish black colonies; small zone of B-hemolysis
Intermedius
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Biotype of C. diptheriae with medium sized colonies, convrx, smooth with black pigmentation and "fried egg" appearance, B-hemolytic
Mitis
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Biotype of C. diptheriae with medium sized colonies, convex, smooth with black pigmentation and "fried egg" appearance, B-hemolytic
Mitis
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Biotype of C. diptheriae with medium sized colonies, grayish black in color, and opaque; small zone of B-hemolysis
Belfanti
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Biotype of C. diptheriae with large, flat, and glossy smooth grayish-black colonies with "daisy-head" appearance, non hemolytic
Gravis
80
It is a heat-labile polypeptide produced by strains with lysogenic B-phage that carries TOX gene, and causes tissue necrosis and exudate formation
Diptheria toxin
81
It is an acute, infectious disease that is characterized by the production of a systemic toic and false membrane lining (pseudomembranous formation) of the the throat that may eventually lead to respiratory obstruction
Respiratory diptheria
82
Sign and symptoms of Respiratory diptheriae
Low-grade fever, thick mucopurulent nasal discharge, and cough
83
It is characterized by slow, non-healing ulcers and membrane formation. The toxin is absorbed systematically but is less severe
Cutaneous or skin diptheria (Veldt sore or Borcoo rot)
84
It is part of indigenous flora of the skin and nasopharynx, and isolated from various human biofluids that causes ear infection and bloodstream and prosthetic joint infections specially in immunocompromised patients
Corynebacterium amycolatum
85
It is a skin microbiota that is found in inguinal, axillary, and rectal sites, an obligate aerobe and a multi-antibiotic resistant bacterium.
Corynebacterium jeikeium
86
It is the common cause of diptheroid prosthetic valce endocarditis
Corynebacterium jeikeium
87
It is an indigenous microbiota of the human nasopharynx that causes diptheria-like respiratory infection, UTI, and cutaneous wound infections in immunocompromised patients with AIDS
C. pseudodiptheriticum (Hoffman bacillus)
88
It is an animal pathogen where humans can contract through direct exposure with infected animals. It produces a demonecrotic toxin that causes death of cells. Rare cause of granulomatous lymphadenitis
C. psuedotuberculosis
89
It is acquired through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, associated with diptheria-like sore throat. It is also isolated from skin-ulcers and exudative pharyngitis
C. ulcerans
90
Most frequently isolated and most clinically significant Corynebacteria
C. urealyticum
91
The preferred medium for Corynebacteria and a modification of Tinsdale agar. It is both selective and differential medium
(+) Black or brown colonies surrounded by brown halo
C. diptheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. psuedotuberculosis
91
The preferred medium for Corynebacteria and a modification of Tinsdale agar. It is both selective and differential medium
(+) Black or brown colonies surrounded by brown halo
C. diptheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. psuedotuberculosis
92
Skin test for C. diptheria
Schick test
93
Both a human and animal pathogen with tumbling motility and umbrella like/ inverted christmas tree in SIM media
L. monocytogenes
94
It is a serious infection that affects neonates, pregnant women, and immunocompromised host acquired through ingestion of meat, chicken, dairy products and vegetables
Listeriosis
95
A listeriosis that occurs during third trimester that leads to miscarriage or still birth (granulomatosis infantisepticum)
Maternal disease
96
A Listeriosis that is associated with intrauterine infection due to aspiration of infected amniotic fluid. The infected infant appear healthy at birth, then meningitis develops at third week of life
Neonatal disease (Late-onset neonatal listeriosis)
97
Enrichment technique for L. monocytogenes
Cold enrichment technique (4 C using broth, then incubated for weeks)
98
L. monocytogenes is sensitive to antibiotics like
Aminoglycosides and penicillin
99
It is the only catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produce hydrogen sulfide
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
100
It has a pattern of pipe cleaner or a test tube brush at 22 degree C in gelatin stab culture
E. rhusiopathiae
101
Best specimen for Erysipelothrix
Tissue biopsies or aspirates from skin lesions
102
It is a microbiota of the skin and upper respiratory tract with pleomorphic rods, non-motile, non-spore forming, and catalase negative. They can cause soft tissue infection, pharyngitis, and endocarditis
(+) Lipase, Lecithinase, Reverse CAMP
(-) Catalase
Arcanobacterium
103
Obligately aerobic, non-spore forming, Gram positive rods that are motile
(+) Catalase
(-) Gelatinase and oxidase
Kurthia
104
It is a normal flora of oropharyngeal which can be isolated in saliva and dental plaque with "coccal to rod appearance"
(+) Bile esculin hydrolysis and nitrate reduction
(-) Urease
Rothia
105
It is isolated from contaminated blood culture bottles and intensive care unit
Paenibacillus
106
It is a partially acid-fast bacilli, obligate aerobic, and non-motile. Their cell wall contains peptidoglycan, meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), and the sugars, arabinose and galactose
(+)Catalase, urease, and nitrate reduction
Nocardia
107
The colonies appearance of Nocardia
Exhibit wrinkled, "chalk-like" appearance, sometimes waxy with "plowed field" odor
108
It is a confluent bronchopneumonia where the sputum is thick and purulent although the encapsulation of the abscess is absent and without granuloma formation
Pulmonary nocardiosis
109
Causative agent of Pulmonary Nocardiosis
N. cyriacigeorgica and N. farcinica
110
It is a chronic, localized, painless subcutaneous infection that is characterized by the presence of draing pus and sulfur granules
Cutaneous nocardiosis (Actinomycotic/bacterial mycetoma)
111
It is utilized to observe the branching filaments and partially acid-fast characteristics of Nocardia
Modified Kinyoun method
112
It is used for histopathological examination of tissue specimen
Gomori's methenamine silver (GMS)
113
Most common causative agent of cutaneous nocardiosis
N. brasiliensis
114
Nocardia spp are susceptible to _____ and resistant to beta-lactam drugs like ______
sulfonamides, penicilin
115
It is asaccharolytic, non-motile, and partially acid-fast, with its cell wall composed of long chain mycolic acid. It exhibit a zigzag and scanty branching patterns with pale/ salmon pink in BAP
Rhodococcus equi
116
It is partially acid-fast and non motile. Use 16S rRNA sequencing which serves as the differential marker. It has been isolated from surgical wound, coronary artery infection, and pulmonary disease
Gordonia
117
Gram positive, non motile, and shaped like long rods that fragments into three parts. Slightly acid fast when the Kinyoun method is used
Tsukamurella
118
Gram positive rods with branching filament but variable hyphae. With "spore-like bodies" and extensive branching but does not fragment and "musty basement order"
Streptomyces
119
Streptomyces that is a human pathogen
S. somaliensis (agent of actinomycotic mycetoma)
120
Distinguishing feature of Steptomyces
Extensive branching but does with aerial hyphae (Tap water agar test)
121
It causes bacterial mycetoma ("madura foot" or "madura belt") same with Nocardia
Actinomadura
122
In routine agar in exhibit a "molar tooth" appearance
Actinomadura
123
Gram positive actinomycete and a facultative intracellular pathogen that reside the macrophages. The etiologic agent of Whipple's disease that affect the gastrointestinal tract, joint, and muscles
Tropheryma whipplei
124
Preferred specimen for Tropheryma whippleo
Doudenal biopsy
125
Gold standard test for identification of Tropheryma whipplei
Periodic acid-Schiff staining
126
characterized by trismus and risos sardonicus. It occurs when the organism enters an open wound and spread a potent toxin that mediates generalized muscle spasms
Tetanus
127
Symptoms and incubation period of tetanus
Muscular rigidity and difficulty in swallowing, 3 to 21 days (depending on the distance from the injury to CNS)
128
It is contracted through the use of contaminated instruments on newborns
Tetanus neonaturum
129
Other name of Clostridium botulinum
Canned food baciilus
Von Ermengen's bacillus
Pigsbel bacillus
130
It is a potential bioterrorism agent and characterized by the presence of OVAL, SUBTERMINAL SPORES
Clostridium botulinum
131
It is considered as one of the most potent natural toxins known to man. It also requires a small amount of this neurotoxin to cause fatality, produce paralysis, and death
Botulosm toxin (BoNT-Butolism Neurotoxin)
132
It is characterized by double or blurred vision, impaired speech, difficulty in swallowing, weakness, and paralysis
Botulism
133
It results from the ingestion of preformed botulism toxin in preserved or meat-based food. It is commonly caused by botulism toxin A
Foodborne botulism
134
It is an infection that is caused by ingesting the organism from honey products added to milk
Infant botulism
135
Tends to proliferate as skin microbiota of hospitalized individual; associated with indwelling devices such as catheter and prosthetic valves
C. jeikeium (JK bacillus)
136
Normal microbiota in humans and cattles, caused bovine mastitis
C. ulcerans
137
Causes erythrasma
C. minutissimum
138
It is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis (bloody diarrhea with necrosis of colonic mucosa)
Clostridium difficle
139
Preferred culture medium for C. difficle
Cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA)
140
Virulence factor of Clostridium difficle
Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin)
141
Colonies are flat with a "horse stable" odor, non hemolytic, and produce fluorescent chartreuse under long UV light
Clostridium difficle
142
Young colonies -"spider-like" or wooly" appearance
Old colonies -"molar tooth" appearance
Actinomyces israelii
143
Pale staining, pleomorphic, gram (-) rods with safety pin appearance
Bacteroides fragilis
144
Colonies corrode (pit) the agar
Bacteroides urealyticus
145
Gram-positive diptheroids; that are coccoid or pointed in shape with bifurcated (forked) ends which resemble the shape of "dog bone"
Bifidobacterium
146
May exhibit filamentous growth; with a translucent colonies with black center resembling "fish eye" colonies
(+) H2S production;bile resistant
Bilophilia wadsworthia
147
Pleomorphic, gram-positive rods that are seagull wing-shaped
Eubacterium
148
Resemble capnocytophaga. The medium exhibit a green color when expose to air; colonies have "breadcrumbs-like" appearance
Fusobacterium nucleatum
149
It is the most common cause of anaerobic bacteremia (frequently isolated from blood cultures)
Bacteroides fragilis (Bile tolerant anaerobe)
150
The frequently encountered anaerobic gram-positive cocci
Peptostreptococci
151
The most pathogenic in the anaerobic in the group of Lactobacillus and often associated with endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia
Finegoldia magna
152
It protects the female genital tract from urogenital infections
Lactobacillus acidophilus
153
The most commonly isolated anaerobic gram-negative cocci in the lung and brain abscess and infection involving oral cavity
Veillonella
154
Foul odor is emitted upon opening an anaerobic jar or pouch
Clostridium difficile, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas
155
Presence of sulfur granules
Actinomyces, Cutibacterium, and Eubacterium nodatum
156
Presence of brick-red flourescence when exposed to ultraviolet light
Prevotella and Porphyromonas
