Aerodynamics

Question 1

An increased load factor will cause the airplane to stall at a ______ ______

Answer 1

Higher Airspeed

Question 2

The upper limit of the green arc represents

Answer 2

The maximum structural cruising speed

Question 3

What does Vno mean?

Answer 3

“No” go there. Maximum structural cruising speed. Beginning of the yellow arc, or caution range. Theoretically, a brand-new aircraft can withstand the FAA’s 50 fps gust at this speed. Unfortunately, the pilot has no way of measuring gust intensity.

Question 4

What does CG mean?

Answer 4

Center of Gravity

Question 5

What does Vy mean?

Answer 5

Best rate-of-climb speed. Delivers the greatest gain in altitude in the shortest time. Flaps and gear up. Decreases as weight is reduced, and decreases with altitude. Lift-to-drag ratio is usually at its maximum at this speed, so it can also be used as a good ballpark figure for best glide speed or maximum-endurance speed for holding.

Question 6

What does Vx mean?

Answer 6

Best angle-of-climb speed. Delivers the greatest gain of altitude in the shortest possible horizontal distance. The speed given in the flight manual is good only at sea level, at max gross weight and with flaps in takeoff position. VX increases with altitude (about ½ knot per 1,000 feet) and usually decreases with a reduction of weight. It will take more time to gain altitude at VX because of the slower speed, but the goal is to gain the most altitude in the shortest horizontal distance.

Question 7

What does Vfe mean?

Answer 7

Maximum flap-extended speed. Top of white arc. The highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position. Many aircraft allow the use of approach flaps at speeds higher than VFE. Positive load for Normal category airplanes is usually reduced from 3.8 Gs to 2 Gs with the flaps down, and negative load is reduced from minus 1.52 Gs to zero. The purpose of flaps during landing is to enable steeper approaches without increasing the airspeed.

Question 8

What does Vle mean?

Answer 8

Maximum landing gear extended speed. Maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.

Question 9

What does Va mean?

Answer 9

Design maneuvering speed. The highest safe airspeed for abrupt control deflection or for operation in turbulence or severe gusts. It does not allow for multiple large control inputs. If only one speed is published it is usually determined at max landing weight. This speed decreases as weight decreases.
Formula for determining VA at less than max landing weight: VA2 equals VA multiplied by current weight divided by max landing weight.

Question 10

What does Vso mean?

Answer 10

Stall speed in landing configuration. Lower limit of white arc. Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in landing configuration: engines at idle, props in low pitch, usually full wing flaps, cowl flaps closed, CG at ­maximum forward limit (i.e., most unfavorable CG) and max gross landing weight. Maximum allowable VSO for single-engine aircraft and many light twins is 61 knots (remember, “stuff out”).

Question 11

Additional weight carried by the wings divided by the weight of the aircraft

Answer 11

Load Factor

Question 12

The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift determines the ______ stability of an airplane

Answer 12

Longitudinal

Question 13

The angle of attack at which an airplane wing stalls will remain ______ ______ regardless of gross weight.

Answer 13

The same

Question 14

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the ______ of the airplane

Answer 14

Speed

Question 15

The upper limit of the yellow arch is the maximum speed at which the airplane can be operated in _____ _____

Answer 15

Smooth air

Question 16

When not changing speed or direction, you are in ______

Answer 16

Unaccelerated Flight

Question 17

when Thrust = Drag & Lift = Weight during unaccelerated flight it’s in

Answer 17

Equilibrium

Question 18

Air traveling faster over curved upper surface causes _____ _____ on the top surface

Answer 18

Lower Pressure

Question 19

Line created from the trailing edge of the wing to the leading ledge

Answer 19

Chord Line

Question 20

Angle between chord line and relative wind

Answer 20

Angle of Attack

Question 21

As you go to higher altitudes the air gets _____ or ___ _____ because air molecules are spaced _____ which is what airplanes have to move faster at higher altitudes

Answer 21

Thinner or Less Dense / Further apart

Question 22

Stall speed is the same at ______ altitudes

Answer 22

any

Question 23

A spin to the right or left what wing is stalled

Answer 23

both

Question 24

Flaps increase ______ but mostly increase _____

Answer 24

lift / drag

Question 25

What are the purpose of Flaps

Answer 25

increase descent angle without increase in airspeed

Question 26

Vertical Axis controls

Answer 26

yaw controlled by the rudders

Question 27

Longitudinal Axis controls

Answer 27

roll controlled by the ailerons

Question 28

Horizontal Axis controls

Answer 28

pitch controlled by the elevators

Question 29

Longitudinal stability means

Answer 29

pitch stability

Question 30

Longitudinal stability is determined by

Answer 30

the location of center of gravity in relation to the center of lift

Question 31

what happens if you load the airplane to the most AFT CG limit

Answer 31

it will be less stable at all speeds

Question 32

When you change the angle of attack that changes the

Answer 32

center of pressure which affects the aerodynamic balance and controllability of the airplane

Question 33

What force makes a airplane turn

Answer 33

horizontal component of lift

Question 34

To correct for adverse yaw

Answer 34

use rudder

Question 35

What force makes an airplane turn

Answer 35

the horizontal component of lift

Question 36

An increase in load factor will cause the airplane to stall at

Answer 36

higher airspeeds

Question 37

The amount of excess load put on a wing of an airplane depends on the

Answer 37

speed of the airplane

Question 38

At high angles of attack P-factor causes

Answer 38

left yaw

Question 39

When is torque effect the greatest

Answer 39

High power, low airspeeds and high angles of attack

Question 40

In severe turbulence you want to _____ your speed to ______ or slightly below

Answer 40

Reduce / Maneuvering (Va)

Question 41

In severe turbulence, maintain _____ _____ _____ and allow _______________

Answer 41

level flight attitude and allow minor variations in airspeed and altitude

Question 42

White ARC on airspeed indicator represents

Answer 42

flap operating range

Question 43

Lower limit of White ARC represents

Answer 43

power-off stalling speed with flaps and landing gear in the landing position

Question 44

Lower limit of Green ARC represents

Answer 44

Power-off stalling speed with flaps/landing gear retracted or in a specified configuration

Question 45

Upper limit of green arc represents

Answer 45

Maximum Structural Cruising Speed (Vno)

Question 46

Vne

Answer 46

Never Exceed Speed - Maximum speed flown in calm air

Question 47

Red line of airspeed indicator represents

Answer 47

Never Exceed Speed (Vne)

Question 48

Wingtip Vortices are at greatest strength when the aircraft is

Answer 48

Heavy / Clean (flaps up) / Slow

Question 49

Wingtip Vortices _____ behind an airplane

Answer 49

Sink

Question 50

The condition that requires maximum caution when avoiding wake turbulence on landing is a

Answer 50

light quartering tailwind

Question 51

When landing behind a large aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by

Answer 51

fly above landing aircraft flightpath and land beyond where the larger aircraft's nose wheel touched the ground

Question 52

When departing behind a large aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by maneuvering the aircraft

Answer 52

above and upwind from the heavy aircraft

Question 53

How does the wake turbulence vortex circulate around each wingtip

Answer 53

outward, upward, and around each tip

Question 54

________ caused by interference of Earth's surface with airplane airflow patterns

Answer 54

Ground Effect

Question 55

Ground effect ______ lift and _____ drag

Answer 55

increased / decreases

Question 56

One problem of ground effect

Answer 56

in takeoff airplane may become airborne before reaching takeoff speed

Question 57

What is ground effect

Answer 57

The result of the interference of the surface of the earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane

Question 58

What does Vr mean?

Answer 58

Rotation speed. Recommended speed to start applying back pressure on the yoke, rotating the nose so, ideally, the aircraft lifts off the ground at VLOF.

Question 59

What does Vne mean?

Answer 59

Never-exceed speed — “red line.” Applies only to piston-powered airplanes. This speed is never more than 90 percent of VDF. G loads imposed by any turbulence can easily overstress an aircraft at this speed.

Question 60

What does Vg mean?

Answer 60

Best glide speed. This speed decreases as weight decreases.

Question 61

What does Vc mean?

Answer 61

Design cruising speed. Speed at which the aircraft was designed to cruise. The completed aircraft may actually cruise slower or faster than VC. It is the highest speed at which the structure must withstand the FAA’s hypothetical “standard 50 fps gust.”

Question 62

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the....

Answer 62

Speed of the airplane

Question 63

What determines the longitudinal stability of an airplane

Answer 63

The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift

Question 64

Which color on the airspeed indicator identifies the power off stalling speed in a specified configuration?

Answer 64

the lower limit of the green arc

Question 65

During an approach to a stall, an increased load factor will cause the airplane to

Answer 65

Stall at a higher airspeed