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Army HH-60M Blackhawk NRCM > Aeromed (3-04.93) > Flashcards

Aeromed (3-04.93) Flashcards

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1
Q

The four types of hypoxia are (2-64)

A

Hypoxic
Hypemic
Histotoxic
Stagnant

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2
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by (2-65)

A

Low FiO2 (low partial pressure of oxygen)

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3
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia generally occurs at altitudes greater than (2-70)

A

10000’ MSL

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4
Q

Hypemic hypoxia is caused by (2-66)

A

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood (anemia, hypovolemia, CO poisoning, nitrites)

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5
Q

Stagnant hypoxia is caused by (2-67)

A

Inadequate circulation of blood (cardiogenic shock, vasodilation, high G forces)

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6
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia is caused by (2-68)

A

Inability of cells to utilize oxygen (CN/CO, alcohol, narcotics)

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7
Q

Susceptibility to hypoxia is affected by (2-71)

A 
Diet and nutrition 
Physical fitness
Rate of Ascent
Duration of exposure
Ambient Temperature
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8
Q

The system most affected by hypoxia is (2-72)

A

Nervous system (i.e. brain)

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9
Q

The four stages of hypoxic hypoxia are (2-74)

A

Indifferent
Compensatory
Disturbance
Critical

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10
Q

The indifferent stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

> 90%

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11
Q

The compensatory stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

80-90%10000-15000’ ASL

Drowsy, impaired fine motor ability, poor judgement

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12
Q

The disturbance stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

70-80%15000-20000’ ASL

Impaired speech, vision, gross motor ability, memory; reduced pain sensation

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13
Q

The critical stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

20000’

Seizures, Unconscious, cardiac arrest

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14
Q

Supplemental oxygen is recommended for night flight above what altitude? (2-82)

A

4000’ ASL

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15
Q

Hyperventilation is defined as (2-85)

A

Excessive rate and depth of ventilation, resulting in reduced PaCO2

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16
Q

Hyperventilation in an aviation setting is usually caused by (2-86)

A

Hypoxia (Anxiety)

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17
Q

Signs of hyperventilation (reduced PaCO2) include (2-92)

A

Dizziness
Carpal-pedal spasms and paresthesia
Visual imparement

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18
Q

Trapped gas disorders can cause what symptoms? (2-101)

A

Toothache
Earache
Abdominal Pain
Sinus pressure

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19
Q

Boyle’s Law is the relationship between

A

Volume and pressure of a gas

As pressure decreases, volume increases (P = 1/V)

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20
Q

The volume of a gas doubles at approximately what altitude? (2-103)

A

15000’ ASL

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21
Q

How do you reduce the chance for abdominal pain from a trapped gas disorder? (2-106)

A

Maintain healthy eating habits

Avoid risky foods prior to flight (onion, apples, cabbage, beans, cucumbers, melons)

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22
Q

Relieving abdominal pain from a trapped gas disorder may include (2-107)

A

Passing gas
Abdominal percussion
Reducing altitude

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23
Q

Relieving ear pain from a trapped gas disorder may include (2-114)

A 
Yawning, jaw opening/closing
Chewing gum (not recommended during flight)
Valsalva (do not perform on ascent)
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24
Q

Ear pain from a trapped gas disorder is called ___, and usually occurs when? (2-109)

A

Barotitis media

Descent

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25
Treatment of sinus pain from a trapped gas disorder may include (2-119)
Forceful valsalva Slower rate of descent Ascent to clear sinuses
26
Tooth pain from a trapped gas disorder is called __, and usually occurs where? (2-120)
Barodontalgia >5000' ASL
27
Henry's law states (2-122)
The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.
28
Decompression sickness (DCS) is attributed to what gas (2-124)
Nitrogen
29
What factors influence the development of decompression sickness when flying? (2-126)
Rate of ascent Altitude Duration of Exposure Physical exertion
30
What are the two common names for the different types of decompression sickness? (2-130)
The bends and the chokes
31
What symptoms are associated with the bends? (Tab 2-130)
Joint pain | Paresthesias
32
What symptoms are associated with the chokes? (2-130)
``` Sharp or burning sensation in chest - "Feeling of running a sprint to exhaustion" Sensation of suffocation Blurry vision Headache Unilateral paresthesia/weakness ```
33
The chokes may resemble what two disease processes? (2-130)
Pulmonary Embolism | Stroke
34
Describe the 4 methods that can limit the development of decompression sickness? (2-131)
``` Denitrogenation (100% FiO2 for 30 min = 30% loss) Cabin Pressurization (to between 8000-10000') Limit time at altitude Aircrew restrictions (no flight within 24h after SCUBA) ```
35
Treatment for decompression sickness includes (2-136)
Immediate landing High FiO2 Report to MO or transport to definitive care Hyperbaric chamber (if symptoms persist)
36
Decompression sickness can be delayed by as many as __ hours (2-137)
48
37
What is stress? (3-2)
A psychological condition resulting in 1) a change in body chemistry and function, 2) a perceived or actual demand for action
38
The four types of stressors are (3-3)
Psychosocial (life events) Environmental Physiological (self-imposed) Cognitive (mental)
39
The acronym for the physiological stressors is (3-17)
``` D rugs E xhaustion A lcohol T obacco H ypoglycemia ```
40
The four types of stress responses are (3-43)
Emotional Behavioral Cognitive Physical
41
The 24 hour sleep/wake cycle is called the (3-75)
Circadian Rhythm
42
You should not sleep more than __ hours at a time when recovering from sleep deprivation (3-98)
10
43
During high tempo work periods, the best way to avoid fatigue is (3-95)
Taking naps
44
Soldiers should sleep a minimum of __ hours per day for continuous operations (3.84)
5
45
The two types of photoreceptors in the eyes are (8-6)
Rods and Cones
46
Rods are used for __ vision, use the chemical __, and are located where on the retina (8-6)
Night or low-intensity light, rhodopsin, peripheray
47
Cones are used for __ vision, use the chemical __, and are located where on the retina (8-6)
Day or high-intensity light, iodopsin, center
48
Night vision requires a build-up of the chemical __, which takes approximately __ minutes (8-10)
Rhodopsin, 30-45 minutes
49
The three types of vision are (8-12)
Photopic Mesopic Scotopic
50
Define photopic vision (8-13)
Occurs in bright light Uses cones only (rods bleached) Allows sharp, colorful, high-contrast images
51
Define mesopic vision (8-14)
Occurs at dawn, dusk, and full moonlight Uses rods and cones Reduces color vision and visual acuity
52
Define scotopic vision (8-15)
Occurs at night with poor illumination Uses rods only Decreased visual acuity
53
Scotopic vision requires the use of peripheral vision because (8-17)
Rods are located less in the center of the retina and more on the peripheray
54
Explain the five major visual deficiencies (8- 19-23)
``` Myopia (nearsightedness) Hyperopia (farsightedness) Astigmatism (unequal curvature of lens) Presbyopia (Hardening of the lens, causes cataracts) Cataracts (cloudy lenses) ```
55
Any surgery to correct visual deficiencies results in automatic __ (8-27)
Disqualification from flight duty (may be temporary or permanent)
56
To best see objects at night, you should use __ vision, and look at an object no longer than __ (8-47,49)
Off-center (look 10 deg above/below/side of object) | 3 seconds per position
57
The halo effect, observed around lights, indicates ___ (8-75)
High humidity and possibility of ground fog
58
One ounce of alcohol (one drink) causes the equivalent physiological effect as an altitude of __ (8-83)
2000'
59
Resuming crew member duties after consuming alcohol has what two requirements? (8-84)
At least 12 hours since last drink | No residual effects (hangover)
60
Alcohol causes what type of hypoxia? (8-83)
Histotoxic
61
Smoking causes what type of hypoxia? Due to? (8-86)
Hypemic, CO
62
A one pack/day smoker has their night vision reduced by __%, or the equivalent of what altitude? (8-86)
20%, 4000'
63
The army regulation regarding aeromedical is
3-04.93

Army HH-60M Blackhawk NRCM (8 decks)

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