Aeromedical

Question 0

Visual system

Answer 0

• most important for maintaining equilibrium and orientation

- orientation information equals to 80% from visual system

Question 1

Vseri ulnar system

Answer 1

• Inner ear
• simi-circular canals filled with endolymph fluid
• otoliths organs
• cupula

Question 2

Types of spatial disorientation

Answer 2

• type 1 (unrecognized)
• type 2 (recognized)
• type 3 (incapacitating)

Question 3

Spatial disorientation

Defined

Answer 3

Individuals inability to determine his position, attitude, and motion relative to the surface of the earth or significant objects.

Question 4

Motion parallax

Answer 4

Objects that appear to be moving rapidly are judged to be near while those moving slowly are judged to be a greater distance away.

Question 5

Aerial perspective

Answer 5

Fading of colors or shades
Loss of detail or texture
Position of light source and direction of shadow

Question 6

Retinal image size

Answer 6

Known size of objective
Increasing/decreasing size of object
Terrestrial association
Overlapping contours

Question 7

Geometric perspective

Answer 7

Linear perspective
Apparent foreshortening
Vertical position in the field

Question 8

Monocular cues

Answer 8

Geometric perspective
Retinal image size
Aerial perspective
Motion parallax

Question 9

Peripheral vision

• rods used w/ what type of vision
• what method should be used for increasing night vision

Answer 9

• stimulation of only rod cells is primary for viewing during scoot pic vision
• to compensate for scoot pic vision aircrew members must use off-center viewing

Question 10

Night blind spot

Answer 10

• occurs when the fovea becomes inactive under low level light conditions
• 5-10* wide in center of fov
• object will b gin to fade when stared at for longer than 2 seconds

Question 11

Types of vision

Answer 11

Photopic- experienced during daylight (cones only)
Mesopic- dawn, dusk, full moonlight (rods and cones)
Scotopic- low-light level environment. Visual acuity decreased to 20/200 or less.

Question 12

Day blind spot

Answer 12

• Compensated for by binocular vision
• covers 5.5-7.5 degrees
• located about 15 degrees from the fovea and originates where the optical nerve attaches to the retina

Question 13

Night vision

• what chemical is utilized?
• how long to adapt?

Answer 13

• rhodopsin must build up in rods
• adaptation takes from 30-45 min
• rod cells are 10,000 times more sensitive
• –through a dilated pupil, light sensitivity may increase 100,000 times

Question 14

Rhodopsin

-what color?

Answer 14

• visual purple

- not always in rods b/c light bleaches it out

Question 15

Iodopsin

-what cells is it present in

Answer 15

• always present within the cone cells

- cone cells respond immediately to visual stimulation regardless of ambient light levels

Question 16

How many rod cells and where are they

Answer 16

120 million rod cells in the retina

Question 17

Rod cells, what type of vision

Answer 17

Used for night or low-level intensity light vision

Question 18

Cone cells

-what type of visoion

Answer 18

Principally for day or high intensity light vision

Question 19

Visual deficiencies

Answer 19

Myopia- near sightedness
Hyperopia- caused by an error in refraction(farsightedness)
Astigmatism- unequal curvature of the cornea
Presbyopia- aging process (the lens hardens)

Question 20

Is the physiological effects of g acceleration more pronounced in the lateral or vertical aces

Answer 20

Lateral

Question 21

Vision is completely lost before a loss of consciousness occurred at ____ g’s?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

Unconsciousness can result when a force of ___ g’s is applied to the body

Answer 22

5

Question 23

Types of fatigue

Answer 23

Acute- physical or mental activity between two sleep periods
Chronic- more serious over a longer period and is the result of inadequate recovery from successive periods of acute fatigue
Motivational exhaustion or burnout- chronic fatigue that goes untreated for too long

Question 24

Self imposed stressors

Answer 24

``` Drugs - self medication - overdose - allergic reaction - synergistic effects - caffeine - predicted side effects Exhaustion Alcohol Tobacco - a smoking aviator begins at 5000 ft Hypoglycemia ```

Question 25

Stress

Answer 25

Nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it

Question 26

Trapped gas disorders of the teeth

Answer 26

Barodontalgia Generally occurred from 5000-15000 ft Descent almost invariably brings relief

Question 27

Prevention and treatment of trapped gases

Answer 27

During flight- crew embers can equalize pressure during descent by swallowing or yawning or valsalva (Never valsalva during ascent)

Question 28

Dysbarism

Answer 28

Various manifestation of gas expansion induced by decreased baro pressure

Question 29

Stages of hypoxia

Answer 29

Indifferent 98-90% 0-10,000 ft Compensatory 89-80% 10-15,000 ft Disturbance 79-70% 15-20,000 ft Critical 69-60% 20-25,000 ft

Question 30

Susceptibility to hypoxia

Answer 30

- onset time and severity - self imposed stress - ascent rate - physical activity

Question 31

Histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 31

There is an interference with the use of O2 by body tissue - alcohol - narcotics

Question 32

Stagnant hypoxia

Answer 32

Circulation is inadequate but oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is adequate - heart failure - arterial spasm

Question 33

Hypemic hypoxia

Answer 33

A reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood - anemia - blood loss - carbon monoxide

Question 34

Hypoxic hypoxia

Answer 34

Not enough oxygen in the air or decreasing atmosphere pressure prevents the diffusion of O2

Question 35

Principle role of the white blood cell

Answer 35

To fight/control various disease conditions, especially those caused by invading microorganism

Question 36

Oxygen is transported by

Answer 36

Red blood cells | -erythrocytes

Question 37

Average adult volume of blood

Answer 37

5 liters or above 5% of total weight

Question 38

Night vision begins to decrease at what altitude

Answer 38

4000 ft

Question 39

How often is hypo arid refresher training

Answer 39

Every 5 years

Question 40

Treatment for spatial d

Answer 40

Dr. t Delay intuitive reactions Refer to the instruments and develop good cross check Transfer controls

Question 41

Prevention of spatial d

Answer 41

Never fly vfr and ifr Never fly without visual reference Avoid self imposed stressors Trust the instruments Never, never, avoid, trust

Question 42

Vestibular illusions

Answer 42

Somatogyral - the leans - graveyard spiral - coriolis illusion Somatogravic - oculogravic - Oculoagravic - Elevator illusion

Question 43

Visual illusions

Answer 43

``` False horizons Fascination/fixation (4-20 cycles) Flicker vertigo Confusion w/ ground lights Relative motion Altered planes of reference Structural illusion Height/depth perception Crater illusion Size/distance Auto kinesics Reversible perspective ```

Question 44

Proprioceptive systems

Answer 44

Sensation resulting from pressure on joints, muscles, and skin