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radt 121 breast module > Aetiology, Epidemiology & Health Promotion 01/02 > Flashcards

Aetiology, Epidemiology & Health Promotion 01/02 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Aetiology?

A

Cause of the disease

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2
Q

What is the definition of Epidemiology?

A

Incidence and distribution

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3
Q

What is the definition of Health Promotion?

A

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve their health - WHO

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of aetiological factor?

A

Inherited and acquired

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of acquired factors

A

Inherited
Lifestyle choices
Hormones

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6
Q

What factors may lead to acquired mutations of oncogenes and/or tumour suppressor genes?

A

Radiation

Carcinogens

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7
Q

What is the lifetime risk for females developing cancer after 1960?

A

1 in 7

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8
Q

Sufficient evidence acquired risk factor examples (3)

A

Alcoholic drinks
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Adult weight gain

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9
Q

Limited/probable evidence acquired risk factors examples (3)

A

Digoxin (cardiac drug)
HRT
Tobacco smoking

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10
Q

What is the associated risk between tobacco and alcohol and cancer?

A

Alcohol and tobacco consumption are associated with higher levels of sex hormones, which may partly explain the link between alcohol and breast cancer risk

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11
Q

Endogenous factor definition

A

Internal factors

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12
Q

Give 2 endogenous breast cancer risk factors

A

Sex hormones - Oestrogens, progesterone and testosterone

Breast density - Risk is 3>5x higher with denser breasts

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13
Q

What 2 types are included within ‘endogenous hormones’?

A

Oral contraceptives

HRT

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14
Q

How much higher is breast cancer in men with the highest BMI compared to lowest?

A

30%

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15
Q

What are the 5 reproductive factors that affect breast cancer chance? (either increase or decrease)

A 
Older age giving birth INC
Having children DEC
Reproductive organ surgery DEC
Younger age at menarche INC
Older age at menopause INC
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16
Q

What is Kleinfelter syndrome?

A

Where males have an extra X chromosome i.e. XXY > higher levels of oestrogen in the body

17
Q

Give an example of an inherited factor

A

Tumour suppressor genes

18
Q

What genes are generally associated with tumour suppressor genes?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

19
Q

What is the chance of women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene developing breast cancer by age 70?

A

45-65%

20
Q

How many women per year does breast cancer affect globally?

A

2.1 million

21
Q

How many in-situ breast cancer cases are there each year?

A

Around 8000

22
Q

How many invasive breast cancer cases are there each year?

A

Around 55,000

radt 121 breast module (7 decks)

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