AFA Flashcards
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1
Q
The cell is ?
A
the fundamental unit of
structure and function
2
Q
Glucose penetrates the cell membrane
with the help of
A
insulin.
3
Q
glucose can
penetrate these cells without insulin
A
Brain cells
4
Q
Anterior
A
anything towards the front of
the body.
5
Q
Posterior
A
anything towards the back
of the body
6
Q
Lateral
A
body parts farthest from
the midline
7
Q
Midline
A
an imaginary line dividing the
body into two mirror image halves
8
Q
Medial
A
body parts closer to the midline
9
Q
There are 206 bones in the normal skeleton. They:
A
• Protect internal body organs. • Provide shape or a framework to keep the body supported. • Produce red blood cells. • Provide storage for mineral salts, such as calcium.
10
Q
Irregular bones
categories, such as vertebrae and the
jawbone do what
A
They serve complex roles in
muscle attachment and movement
11
Q
The periosteum serves as a…
A
protective
sheath for the bone and provides an
anchoring surface for the tendons
12
Q
The cranium encloses the brain and…
A
protects it from injury. It also serves as
an attachment for muscles
13
Q
The spine is composed
of 33 bones, called vertebrae. Vertebrae
as classified from top-to-bottom are:
A
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacral (5)
- Coccyx (4)
14
Q
The shoulder girdle is composed of the:
A
- clavicles (collarbones), and
* scapulas (shoulder blades).
15
Q
Each pelvic bone has three parts:
A
- the ilium,
- the ischium, and
- the pubis.
16
Q
Normal respiration requires
five conditions:
A
- A supply of normal air
- A clear airway
- The mechanical bellows function of
the rib cage and diaphragm must be
intact and contain at least one
functioning lung - The control system, including the brain,
must be intact and able to respond to
changing carbon dioxide levels in the
blood stream - An adequate blood supply with proper
circulation by the heart
17
Q
There are three key signs of normal
breathing:
A
• the rise and fall of the chest or abdomen, • evidence of air moving in and out of the lungs, and • a regular rate and rhythm.
18
Q
The mechanics of breathing are under
the autonomic control of the…
A
brain
19
Q
Average resting respiratory rates for
various ages
A
Age Average rate (breaths / minute) Infant (up to oneyear)30 to 50 Toddler (one tofour years)20 to 30 Child (five to 12years)12 to 20 Adult 12 to 20
20
Q
The circulatory system has two major fluid
transportation systems:
A
- the cardiovascular system, and
* the lymphatic system
21
Q
The cardiovascular system consists of:
A
- the heart, and
* blood vessels.
22
Q
The circulatory cycle is made up of two
independent systems:
A
- pulmonary circulation, and
* systemic circulation.
23
Q
Average resting pulse rates
A
Age Pulse rate (beats per minute) Infant (up to one year) 80 to 160 Toddler (one to four years) 80 to 120 Child (five to 12 years) 60 to 110 Adult 60 to 100
24
Q
The most dependable site to take
a pulse is
A
either side of the larynx
25
One major function of the spleen is to
act as a storage reservoir for blood cells
26
A clot will usually form within
five minutes
after a blood vessel wall has been
damaged. If blood does not clot, a patient
may bleed to death from injury
27
The central nervous system consists
| of two joined organs
the brain and
| the spinal cord
28
The brain consists
| of three parts
* the cerebrum,
* the cerebellum, and
* the brain stem.
29
Damage to the cerebellum results in
the loss of muscular coordination.
30
The skin is the largest organ of the human
| body. It serves three main functions:
```
• Protects the body from the
environment.
• Maintains nerves that convey
information about the environment
to the brain.
• Regulates body temperature.
```
31
The liver rids the body of harmful substances in the
blood and stores
| nutrients
32
The appendix is a small, blind pouch near
| the junction of the
large and small
| intestines, in the lower right quadrant
33
The pancreas has two main functions:
• It secretes into the blood the hormones
insulin and glucagon which are
important in the control of blood sugar
level
• It secretes into the duodenum digestive
enzymes and pancreatic juices which
aid in digestion
34
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac
| attached to the underside of the
liver in the upper right quadrant
35
Kidneys regulate...
fluid volume and other
substances in the blood, and remove
wastes from the blood
36
The CSP recommends hepatitis vacine...
A and B
(and C when available) vaccination for all
ski patrollers
37
Equal and
| reactive
Normal
38
Non-reactive
Glass eye or
| contact lens
39
Fixed and dilated
Brain hypoxia
40
Unequal
Head injury or
| stroke, congenital
41
Fixed and
| constricted
Drug abuse or
severe brain
damage
42
Small, pinpoint
Drug usage or
| disease
43
Change from
constricted to
fixed and dilated
Worsening condition
44
Blue
Cyanosis
| Lack of oxygen
45
Pale, cool and
| clammy
```
Circulatory problems
(shock, internal
bleeding)
Heat exhaustion
Hypoglycemia (insulin
shock)
```
46
Dry, warm,
| flushed
Hyperglycemia
| diabetic coma
47
Cold waxy
Hypothermia
| Severe frostbite
48
Red
Frostbite
| Burn
49
Yellow
Hepatitis/liver
| dysfunction
50
Flushed
Heat stroke
| Crushing chest injury
51
Onset
How did the pain start?
Was it sudden, gradual,
or an ongoing chronic
problem?
52
Quality
```
How would you describe
the pain?
(Burning, shooting pain,
numbness, throbbing,
etc.)
```
53
Time
When did the pain
begin? How long has it
been present? Is it
intermittent or constant?
54
Step 1. Scene survey Triage
```
• Note the time
• Are there any further dangers to
myself, the patients or any others?
• What is the mechanism of injury
(what happened)?
• Is there more that one person injured?
Yes
```
55
Step 2. Conduct voice triage.
```
Begin sorting patients by calling out,
"Canadian Ski Patrol, if you can walk,
come to the sound of my voice."
If you need assistance, you can ask the
"green" to help. They may also provide
useful information about the locations of
other patients.
```
56
Step 3. Follow a systematic route. Triage
* Start where you stand.
* Start with the closest patients.
* Work outward in a systematic fashion.
57
Step 4. Triage and tag each patient
| green, red, yellow or black
Red- critical,life-threatening injuries
Yellow - serious, Not immediately life-threatening
Green - minor, May need treatment
Black - dead or non-salvageable
58
Step 5. Document triage results
Identify the locations of patients.
• Deploy resources effectively.
• Estimate the number of patients by
degree of severity
59
Triage pitfalls
```
• No team plan, organization, or goal.
• Indecisive leadership about where to
start and what to do.
• Too much focus on one injury
or person.
• Treatment rather than triage.
```
60
Hypoxia is a condition resulting from a
| decrease in the level of
oxygen available
| to the cells
61
Hypoxia may be caused
| by CRASH
```
C Cardiac
R Respiratory
A Altered level of consciousness
S Shock
H Head injury
```
62
Inadequate respiration refers to
insufficient amounts of oxygen exchange
| in the lungs
63
the body's major stimulus to
| breathing becomes lower oxygen levels in a person with...
```
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
```
64
The flowmeter normally controls the
output of oxygen to be delivered
from one to
15 litres per minute (lpm).
65
do not
administer oxygen using units equipped
with a positive
pressure resuscitator
66
Always ensure a clear airway before
| administering
oxygen
67
Administering oxygen to
| a breathing patient
1. Explain the procedure to the patient.
2. Place mask over their face.
3. Recheck and adjust the flowmeter.
4. Secure the equipment for transport.
5. Monitor vitals and maintain airway
continually.
6. Be prepared to do artificial respiration
in case of respiratory arrest.
68
If the patient cannot tolerate wearing the
| face mask
have them hold the mask close
to their face until they can put the mask
on.
69
Oxygen can be administered to a nonbreathing
| patient using a
pocket face
| mask or a bag-valve mask resuscitator
70
Signs and symptoms of airway
| and breathing problems
```
• an absence of, or irregular movement
of the chest wall and abdomen,
• abnormal breathing sounds
(whistling or high-pitched wheezing),
• irregular respiration rate or rhythm, and
• cyanosis (blueness of the skin).
```
71
Signs and symptoms
| of circulatory problems
* cyanosis (blueness of the skin),
* increased respiratory rate,
* abnormal pulse rate and character,
* shallow breathing,
* pale, cool and clammy skin,
* absent radial or carotid pulse, and
* drop in blood pressure.
72
There are two classes of airway
| obstructions
* mild airway obstructions, and
| * severe airway obstructions
73
To treat a mild airway obstruction,
| do the following:
1. Prevent further injury;
2. Identify yourself as a trained first aider;
3. Offer assistance and ask permission;
4. Do not attempt abdominal thrusts;
5. Never interfere with the patient's efforts
to clear the airway;
6. Stay with the patient until breathing
is normal;
7. Monitor vital signs;
8. Encourage the patient to try and
dislodge the object by coughing;
9. If the condition persists, activate EMS;
10.If the patient becomes unresponsive,
treat the situation as a severe airway
obstruction.
74
Signs and symptoms of a severe airway
| obstruction include
• inability to speak, breathe or cough;
• absence of chest movement or
air exchange; and
• increased cyanosis.
75
AR rates
Infant one every three
seconds (20/min.)
Child one every three
seconds (20/min.)
Adult one every five
seconds (12/min.)
76
A patient who has breathing difficulty will
usually move into a position where
breathing is easiest. Typically, this
position will be either
sitting or reclining
77
Typical closed chest injuries include
* rib fractures,
* flail chest,
* pneumothorax.
78
Signs and symptoms of fractured
| ribs include:
```
• Leaning toward the injured side with a
hand over the fracture area in an effort
to ease pain and immobilize the chest.
• A crackling sensation over the fracture
site (subcutaneous emphysema) may
be detected
• Unwillingness or inability to take a
deep breath.
• Complaining of local pain and
tenderness
• Pain when moving the rib cage when
breathing or coughing.
```
79
Rib fracture treatment
1. Administer oxygen, if available.
2. Make the patient as comfortable
as possible.
3. Transport the patient quickly and safely
to medical aid.
80
Signs and symptoms of a flail
| chest include
* shortness of breath,
* swelling over the injury site,
* shock,
* muscle splinting of the injury site,
* possible paradoxical movement,
* severe pain when inhaling or exhaling
81
Flail chest treatment
1. Administer oxygen asap.
2. If the patient is experiencing difficulty
breathing and particularly if cyanosis (blueness) is present, assist breathing with oxygen and assisted ventilations.
3. Help the patient get in a comfortable position and transport him/her to medical aid. Activate EMS and treat as a load and go. Continue to monitor vital
signs.
4. Do not apply bulky padding or dressings to the flail segment so long as the patient is splinting the chest wall with the chest muscles or unless there
is substantial bleeding.
82
Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax
| include:
reduction of normal respiratory movements on the affected side,
• a fall in blood pressure,
• weak and rapid pulse,
• a sudden sharp chest pain.
83
Pneumothorax Treatment
1. Administer oxygen, if available,
2. Activate EMS and treat as a load and
go. Monitor vital signs. As a first aid
provider, you cannot provide surgical
release of the air from the chest cavity
84
Signs and symptoms of a sucking (open) chest
| wound may include
```
• increasing difficulty in breathing,
• frothy blood at the mouth or site
of wound,
• rapid, weak pulse,
• cyanosis,
• falling blood pressure,
• localized chest pain.
```
85
Open chest injury Treatment
```
• If there is significant external bleeding,
direct pressure to the chest wound with
a hand and/or a non-occlusive
dressing should be applied.
• If a dressing becomes saturated and
the patient is deteriorating, the
dressing should be checked to prevent
it sealing the chest wound.
Transport the patient:
• in a position of comfort,
• in a position that will not impair
breathing,
• administer oxygen, if available,
• monitor vital signs,
• activate EMS
and treat as a load and go.
```
86
Shock is the medical condition that
develops as a result of an imbalance
between the
delivery of oxygen and the
consumption of oxygen at the cellular
level
87
Shock increased pulse rate
The pulse rate increases in an attempt
to move more oxygenated blood to the
cells
88
Shock Increased respiration rate
It is an attempt to increase the blood
oxygen levels and increase elimination
of carbon dioxide (CO2) via the lungs.
89
Shock Pale, cool, clammy skin; delayed
| capillary refill; cool extremities
```
The body attempts to maintain blood
flow to the heart, brain, lungs and
kidneys by sacrificing blood flow to the
digestive organs and the extremities.
This is achieved by constricting the
arterioles and redistributing blood flow.
The result is pale, moist skin, cool
extremities and ultimately absent
peripheral pulses
```
90
Shock High anxiety, restlessness
| and aggression
It is due to reduced oxygen supply to the brain. Do not mistake this behavior for lack of consent
91
Shock General weakness, dizziness
| and nausea
It is due to reduced oxygen supply to
| the brain.
92
Shock Thirst
It is due to an attempt at restoring
blood volume. This volume could also
be lost through dehydration. Drinking
fluids will not restore blood volume.
93
Shock Decreased pulse strength
```
The volume of blood ejected by the
heart becomes less. This decrease
results in decreased pulse strength.
The heart may not be refilling
adequately, or it may not be emptying
effectively, or there may not be enough
blood to maintain the filling pressure
```
94
Shock Drop in blood pressure
It may be caused by either a
combination of blood loss, loss of
peripheral vasoconstriction and/or
failure of the cardiac pump.
95
Shock Decreased level of consciousness
It is due to a decrease in blood flow
| and oxygen supply to the brain
96
Shock treatment
```
Stop external bleeding. Blood cannot
be replaced in our environmental
setting.
• Activate EMS and treat as a load and
go.
• Administer oxygen at high flow rate.
• Keep the patient warm.
• Lay the patient down.
• Treat the patient gently.
• Give nothing by mouth.
• Closely monitor the patient.
Record vital signs and history.
• Reassure the patient.
Do the following, as required:
• Assure adequate breathing,
assist ventilations.
• Move patient to recovery position in
case of vomiting.
```
97
There is not much to do as a first aid
provider in the case of internal bleeding.
As soon as signs and symptoms appear,
do the following:
Activate EMS and treat as a load and
go.
• Treat for shock (don't wait for it
to happen).
98
skull fracture Signs and symptoms
```
• Depressed fractures may result in a
portion of the skull pressing into the
brain.
• Fractures of the base of the skull
frequently result in bleeding from the
ears, nose or mouth. Make sure this
blood is not a result of laceration of the
surrounding skin.
• The clear, straw-coloured fluid which
surrounds the brain - cerebrospinal
fluid - may leak from the ears or nose
as a result of a skull fracture. This type
of injury should be suspected if a
patient has sustained a severe impact
to the jaw.
```
99
Consussion Typical Symptoms
```
• Headache
• Feeling dazed or "slow"
• Dizziness
• Seeing stars or flashing lights
• Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
• Sleepiness
• Loss of field of vision, double vision,
blurred vision, light sensitivity
• Nausea
```
100
Consussion Look for the following
```
Memory or orientation problems:
• General confusion
• Memory loss
• Unaware of time, date, place
• Repeatedly asks the same questions
```
101
Concussion Signs
```
Poor coordination or balance.
• Vacant stare or glassy-eyed.
• Vomiting.
• Slurred speech.
• Slow to answer questions or
follow directions.
• Easily distracted, poor concentration.
• Displaying unusual or inappropriate
emotions (e.g. laughing, crying,
swearing.)
• Personality changes.
```
102
Consussion treatment
1. Maintain an open airway. Be prepared to administer assisted ventilations if the patient's condition deteriorates.
Activate EMS.
2. Administer oxygen if available.
3. Be on the alert for the development of more serious internal head injuries,
they are a load and go.
4. Treat as for C-spine injury. Because head injuries are more likely to lead to
an unresponsive patient, monitor carefully and be prepared to tilt the
backboard to enable fluids to drain from the mouth and throat.
5. Maintain normal body temperature.
6. Do not give any fluids.
7. Your record keeping can be critically important in the case of head injuries.
Inform medical authorities of the following:
• Time and details of the incident.
• Presence or absence of signs and symptoms of spinal disabilities or external head injury.
• Duration of unresponsiveness,
if any.
• Pay particular attention to any change in vital signs and the pupils.
Check them every five minutes.
A patient who has lost consciousness should be kept under medical supervision for 24 hours following the injury.
103
Impaired or unequal reaction to light
Intracranial pressure
104
Fixed and dilated
Severe damage to the central functions of
| the brain
105
One pupil dilated and one pupil normal
Damage is limited to one side of the brain
106
Fixed, constricted pupils
Drug abuse or severe irreparable brain
| damage
107
Constricted pupils that later become fixed
| and dilated
Worsening condition
108
Signs and symptoms of spinal injury
| may include:
```
• great anxiety and reluctance for a
conscious patient to voluntarily move
their head or spine,
• muscular stiffness/rigidity alongside
the spinal column (self splinting),
• pain in the midline of the neck or back,
• TIC (Tenderness, Instability, Crepitus)
along the spine,
• loss of movement in any extremity,
• numbness, tingling or burning
sensation in any extremity,
• sudden onset of breathing difficulty
since the incident,
• a mechanism of injury with a high
probability for spinal injury.
```
109
The Canadian C-Spine Rule
| Inclusion criteria are
```
• Greater than 16 years old.
• Awake, alert, oriented (may not recall
the details of the event) Glasgow
Coma Scale =15.
• Normal vital signs.
• No pre-existing vertebral disease.
• Acute, blunt injury less than 4 hours
ago.
• No penetrating spinal trauma.
• No paralysis.
• Not already immobilized.
```
110
CCSR High risk factors are
* Age > 65 years.
* Dangerous mechanisms.
* Numbness/tingling in extremities.
111
CCSR Dangerous mechanisms are
```
• Vertical fall from elevations greater
than 1 meter with an abrupt stop.
• Axial load to the head.
• High speed collision with an abrupt
stop.
• Vehicle/snowrider collisions.
```
112
CCSR Low risk factors
```
• Low speed collision.
• Sitting on the ground/snow.
• Ambulatory at any time at the scene.
• No neck/back pain at scene when
asked.
• No pain during midline palpation.
No intoxication
No evidence of distracting injury that might mask spinal injury pain
```
