Africa Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
Mount Kilimanjaro
A
- In Tanzania, East Africa
- 3 degrees South of the equator
- the mountain is 5895m (17,685 ft) high
- permanent snow and ice at the top
2
Q
relief:
A
height and shape of the land
3
Q
plateaus:
A
high up but flat at the top
4
Q
mountains:
A
sharp peaks
5
Q
Where would be the best place to like, mountain ranges or plateaus?
A
Plateaus would be the best place to live in because there are fewer injuries, it’s more accessible, better for farmland and therefore better to live in.
6
Q
How would mountain ranges affect the climate of the country it is within? Why?
A
Mountains can affect precipitation. They can cast a rain shadow. As wind rises up the windward side of the mountain ranges, the air cools and precipitation falls. On the other side of the range, the air is dry and it sinks.
7
Q
Two deserts in Africa:
A
- Sahara Desert
- Namib Desert
8
Q
Where do all three major rivers in Africa seem to have their source in Africa? Why?
A
The source appears to be in the mountain ranges. This is because water collects in the mountains which become small channels which gradually create rivers.
9
Q
Why is it possible in Egypt for large numbers of people to live in the dry desert?
A
The River Nile enables a large amount of people to live in Egypt because it provides rich soil good for farming, access to water and good trade routes.
10
Q
Mali average rainfall (mm): average temperature (degrees celsius):
A
93mm
34.5 degrees celsius
11
Q
Egypt average rainfall (mm): average temperature (degrees celsius):
A
2.41mm
28 degrees celsius
12
Q
South Africa average rainfall (mm): average temperature (degrees celsius):
A
42mm
21 degrees celsius
13
Q
Zimbabwe average rainfall (mm): average temperature (degrees celsius):
A
- 83mm
25. 58 degrees celsius
14
Q
Compare the climate of Egypt and South Africa:
A
Egypt has a very hot climate and very little rainfall whereas South Africa has a higher rainfall.
15
Q
biome:
A
The regions of the world with similar climate (weather and temperature), animals and plants). The climate dictates what a biome will be like. This is because plant and animals adapt to suit the climate.
16
Q
What biomes are in Africa?
A
hot desert, Semi-desert, tropical rainforest, Savanna, grassland Woodland/Scrub
17
Q
rainforests
A
- hot, moist biome
- rains all year long
- in centra Africa
- dense canopies of vegetation made up of 3 layers
18
Q
desert
A
- the Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert
- Sahara Northern part of Africa
- harsh environment
- dry
- sand dunes
19
Q
population density:
A
the number of people per km squared
20
Q
climate:
A
the average weather of a place over a long period of time (usually over 30 yrs)
21
Q
sparse:
A
low number of people per km squared
22
Q
dense:
A
high number of people per km squared
23
Q
population distribution:
A
how people are spread over an area of land
24
Q
Using a TEA structure, describe the population distribution of Africa.
A
Africa has an uneven spread of population, with less people and more desert. For example. Mauritias has a population density of 588 people per km squared and only 5 people per km squared. This shows the lack of people in the desert land. Egypt doesn’t follow this trend and is an anomaly because it has a dense population of a approximately 7 people per km squared.7
25
Ethnic groups in Africa:
- Masai
- Hausa
- Berber
- Fulani
- Taureg
- Zulu
- DInka
- Bantu
26
Culture Religion Language:
- there are hundreds of different ethnic groups
| - each ethnicity has its own distinct language, traditions arts, history and way of life
27
Fulani ethnic group:
- one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa
- majority consists of semi-sedentary people, sedentary styled farmers, scholars, artisans, merchants and nobility. Follow the religion Islam. Well known for decoration of utilitarian objects. They are scattered throughout many parts of West Africa mainly in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Cameroon, Senegal and NIger. Bound together by the Fula language. Well known for the decoration of utilitarian objects e.g. milk bowels that reflect their nomadic and pastoral lifestyle
28
Where is Egypt?
northeast of Africa
29
what passes through Africa?
equator
| Greenwich meridian
30
where is the Sahara desert?
stretches across the northern part of Africa
31
how many countries are in Africa?
54
32
stereotype:
an oversimplified, generalised concept or belief about a person, group, event or issue, usually based on prejudice other than on fact
33
Does Africa have penguins?
yes
34
Does Africa have French speaking countries?
yes
35
Does it sometimes snow in the Sahara?
yes
36
Famous Misconceptions of Africa:
- has no water
- no snow
- is poor
- people don't know when Christmas is
- it's only hot
- nothing grows there
- no rivers flow in Africa
- it's deprived
- it's a world of dread and war
- it has a clang of doom
37
"A world of dread and fear"
| "The clanging chimes of doom"
-Africa is the festival continent, throughout the whole continent, colourful and vibrant festivals range through musical, religious, cultural, harvest and many more.
38
"Where the only water flowing. is the bitter sting of tears"
| "No rain or river flows"
There are floods. In Gabon over 350mm of rain fell in November and about 300mm in March, May and October. The River Nile is the longest river in Africa.
39
"And there won't be snow in Africa this Christmas time"
| "Here's to them, underneath the burning sun"
In January 2017 snow fell in the Sahara Desert for the first time since 1979. In Summer the town can reach 40 degrees celsius. Experts believe around 16 inches of snow fell on the 7th January 2018. It's only the fourth snowfall in the past 37 years.
40
"Where nothing ever grows"
60% of Africa's workforce are in farming, in some countries it's up to 90%. Some of the main crops grow in Africa e.g. corn, wheat and rice and legumes and fodders e.g. beans, groundnut and cowpea.
41
"Do they know it's Christmas time at all?"
54 different countries and many ethnic groups. Customs come from religion or daily life e.g. Nomadic Bedouin Tribe must have had customs that can be practiced while travelling. Majority Muslim and Christian.
42
"Africa's the world's oldest populated area"
It is thought that first species of human appeared about 2 million years ago in what is now Ethiopia.
43
"Africa is rife with corrupt politicians"
President Sirleaf of Liberia was awarded the Nobel PeacePrize.
44
"It is always hot in Africa"
Africa's diverse landscape contains biomes such as rainforest and deserts.
45
"Africans poor"
47% of people in sub-saharan Africa live on less than $1.25 a day, which is terrible. However, this number is falling and things are improving.
46
"Africa is technologically void"
Most countries in Africa have access to 4G and wi-fi with 9 out of 10 people in possession of a phone.
47
"Everyone in Africa lives in the middle of nowhere"
In 2008, 39% of the African population lived in urban areas.
48
How many of the countries in Africa re smaller than Africa?
23
49
3 countries in central Africa?
- Congo
- Gabon
- Democratic Republic of Congo
50
4 countries in North Africa?
-Algeria
-Libya
-Egypt
_morocco
51
4 countries in East Africa?
- Sudan
- South Sudan
- Ethiopia
- Somalia
52
5 countries in West Africa?
- Mali
- Niger
- Chad
- Mauritania
- Ghana
53
4 countries in Southern Africa?
- Republic of South Africa
- Namibia
- Angola
- Zambia
54
Where is the desert in Africa?
stretches across the Northern part of Africa
55
desert
| climate characteristics
-hot in the day - up to 50 degrees celsius
-but very cold at night (no clouds to keep the heat in)
-very little rain (some places get almost none)
very strong winds
56
desert
| plant and animals characteristics:
- plants must be able to find and store water and protect themselves from heat and wind. So you'll find low spiny shrubs with long roots and thick stems, and wires grasses
- camels, antelopes and ostriches have learnt to survive long periods of time without drinking water
- other animals like vipers, scorpions and tiny rodents that hide from the sun in shady places or down burrows.
57
rainforest
| where is it found in Africa?
central and Eastern regions of Africa
58
rainforest
| climate characteristics
- warm and wet, less rain than Amazon
- thousands of species
- The Congo has the second largest of this ecosystem in the world
59
rainforest
| plant and animals characteristics:
- low shrubs and ferns
| - hot weather animals: monkeys, snakes, hippos, chimpanzees and gorillas
60
savanna
| where is it found in Africa?
central, west, southern and eastern regions of Africa
61
savanna
| climate characteristics
- wet season and longer dry season
| - warm all year
62
savanna
| plant and animals characteristics:
- accacia trees
- lions, elephants, giraffes, and zebra
- rolling desert with occasional trees
63
semi-desert
| where is it found in Africa?
central, west, southern and eastern regions of Africa
64
semi-desert
| climate characteristics
- is always warm
- cooler than desert
- temperatures are high but not as extreme as desert
- little rainfall not as little as desert
65
semi-desert
| plant and animals characteristics:
- grass, lownshrubs, scattered trees
| - wild dogs, rodents
66
camel adaptations to the desert:
- colour of their bodies helps them to blend into their environment
- thick fur on the top of the body for shade and thin fur elsewhere to allow easy heat loss
- stores fat in their hump which can be metabolised for energy
- ears covered with fur, even on he inside, helps jeep sand or dust out of the animals' ears
- thick eyebrows shield the eyes from the desert sun
- long eyelashes and close nostrils to protect themselves from strong winds and sand
- thick lips so that they can eat prickly desert plants without feeling pain
- wide feet so they can walk on sand more easily without sinking into it
- a camel can go 1 week+ without water and they can last several months without food. they can drink up to 32 gallons (46L) of water at one drinking session
- unlike most mammals, a healthy camel's body temperature fluctuates (changes) throughout the day from 34 degrees celsius to 4.7 degrees celsius (93 degrees Fahrenheit - 107 degrees Fahrenheit) This allows the camel to conserve water by not sweating as the environmental temperature rises.
67
How many times can the UK fit into the Sahara Desert?
40 times
68
have ethnic groups intermarried in the past?
yes
69
Which three rivers carry huge quantities of water across the continent?
The Nile, Niger and Congo
70
what is the. land like in the Northern part of Africa?
almost half the land is dry desert
71
desert:
areas that receive and average annual precipitation of less than 250mm
72
What countries does the Sahara desert spread across?
Egypt, Libya, Chad, Mali, Algeria and Niger
73
Where are the major cities located and why?
The major cities are located around the Sahara desert where the weather and living conditions are better for trade, vegetation, access to water and for tourists.
74
How high can some of the sand dunes in the Sahara desert be?
220m
75
What is most of the terrain in the Sahara like?
eat Mosts of the Sahara Desert is rocky with some mountains. The rocky and sandy terrain makes it hard to get from place to place.
76
Why are there very few roads in the Sahara?
There are very roads in the Sahara because of the terrain making it hard to keep the roads in good quality. The accessibility is not very good and it might be hard to carry the resources through the Sahara.
77
nomads:
people who travel from place to place while travelling with their animals to find grazing
78
desertification:
where the land is being turned into desert, often through overuse
79
overgrazing:
when animals eat too many plants so the vegetation cannot recover properly
80
causes of desertification:
- droughts
- overgrazing
- humans not using the land effectively by cutting down too many trees = misuse by humans
- climate change
- people cutting off rivers
81
effects of desertification
- loss of homes
- loss of inhabitants
- loss of plants
- people go hungry
- farmers can't make enough money to grow crops
- loss of resources
82
what is the green wall doing?
reversing desertification
83
green wall
| how many trees has Senegal planted?
11 million
84
how wide is the green wall?
15km
85
green wall
| trees are planted ---->
tree roots bind soil, stopping it from blowing away --->shade from the leaves means there is less evaporation of moisture out of the soil ----> wetter soil is less likely to blow away ----> soil becomes fertile so crops can be grown ----> when the leaves fall. they rot and provide more nutrients for the soil ----> it is then easier to grow vegetation ---> more oxygen ----> helps solve climate change and global warming
86
green wall
| gum arabic tree is being planted----->
wood can be used as fuel---->trees produce gum arabic which can be sold for use in food products ----> bark and roots can be used to make rope ----> sheep, goats and camels can eat the seed pods and leaves
87
population of Africa?
1.3 billion
88
what is the population of Africa expected to be in the next 35yrs?
its expected to double 1.3 billion
89
what's the population of Nigeria?
150 million+
90
what's the population density of Nigeria?
150-299 people per km2
91
Why do so few people live in the Sahara?
- It's dry. That's what makes it a desert. Some months have no rainfall. Annual rainfall ranges between 2cm-10cm. 90cm falls in the UK each year.
- It is hot. Average temperatures around 37 degrees celsius in the summer and 25 degrees celsius in Winter. However, at night time temperatures in the desert drop. They can get below freezing because there are few clouds to keep the heat in. It is windy. The wind can create huge sandstorms which are sometimes seen from space
- difficult to find water
- little vegetation
92
oases:
places in a desert where water is found
93
traditional societies:
groups of people who have lived in a place for a very long time, passing down knowledge and customs through many generations
94
semi-nomadic:
people who travel from place to place but may stay in one place for longer than nomads to grow crops
95
traditional societies ---->
e.g. the Taureg who are Berber people that live across the Sahara ----> nomads ----> use Sahara as trade route between cities ---->use camel caravans to transport goods e.g. salt
tribes are also semi-nomadic ----> have herds of sheep or goats which they follow to pastures
96
sparely populated:
places in desert where water is found
97
annotations:
labels on diagrams but expanded into notes to either describe or explain something
98
terrain:
description combing relief (shape of land) and geology (rock formations)
99
weather:
short-term changes in atmosphere
100
Mount Kilimanjaro Zones
| Cultivated Land
800 - 1800
| There are fertile soils and water from the higher rainforests. This area is formed for crops like bananas and coffee.
101
Mount Kilimanjaro Zones
| Tropical Rainforest
1800-2800
| This is a humid zone where it rains frequently. There are many pants and animals, including orchids and antelopes.
102
Mount Kilimanjaro Zones
| Moorland
2800-4000
This is drier and cooler than the forest. Plants include senecio trees. There are not many animals, but birds of prey are most common.
103
Mount Kilimanjaro Zones
| Alpine Desert
4000-5000
This is a very dry zone with few clouds, so temperatures can range from 37 degrees celsius at day time to below freezing at night. There are some tussock grasses and moss balls, but very few animals.
104
Mount Kilimanjaro Zones
| Arctic Summit
5000-5895
| The summit is mostly ice and rock. There are some lichens but there is ver little oxygen.
105
Why is there snow and ice at the top of Mount Kilimanjaro?
- the high altitude of the mountain affects the climate
- the higher the altitude the colder it is
- every 100m up the temperature gets 3 degrees celsius
106
capital of Kenya
Nairobi
107
area of Nairobi
580,367
108
official language of Kenya
English and Swahili
109
climate of Kenya
tropical along the coast, arid (dry) plans and cool in the highlands
110
1 Kenyan shilling =
100 cents
111
population of Kenya
44,354,000
112
savanna in Kenya
stunning savannah where tourists come to see lions, hippos, giraffes, elephants etc.
113
where do most people live in Kenya?
in the highlands which is home to the capital Nairobi
114
Great Rift Valley
- west of Nairobi
| - 6400km tear in the Earths crust
115
culture in Kenya
- people have travelled and traded across Kenya for centuries, creating a varied culture
- 60+ languages
116
what has happened to Kenya in recent years?
- suffered from long droughts
| - leaving people homeless and hungry
117
Where is Kenya?
- Eastern Africa
- equator pass through the middle of Kenya
- Indian Ocean borders the South East of Kenya
- Nairobi is the capital of Kenya
- Nairobi is in the highlands, in the East of Kenya
- Kenya is bordered by Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda and Tanzania
118
Description of Malindi
- highest temperature = 33° celsius in March
- lowest temperature = 27° in July
- highest rainfall = 33mm in May
- lowest monthly rainfall = 1mm in January
- range = 32mm
119
climate graph
| what does the bar chart show?
rainfall
120
climate graph
| what does the line graph show?
temperature
121
Description of Nairobi
- slightly cooler with highs of 22°C in February
- lows of 17°C in July
- rainfall is considerably less than in Malindi
- wettest month is April = 155mm
- driest month is July = 15mm
122
Why might people go to the Masai Mara?
- to experience new culture - languages, traditional clothing etc.
- to see new wildlife and to see new and exciting species e.g. elephants, lions etc.
- to see peoples way of life
- to meet native people
- to learn about the culture
123
Masai Tribe
- live in the National Park, living off the land
- they have b been recognised worldwide for the way they interact with the environment
- tend to be a cattle herding tribe but are now being visited a lot ore by tourists
124
How is Kenya's population distributed?
- unevenly
- the most densely populated areas are found in areas with rainfall
- main urban settlements are Nairobi and Mombasa
- the dry north and north east areas are sparsely populated as a lack of water limits the development fo any settlement
125
National Parks and Reserves in Kenya
- a national park is an area set aside for the protections of birds, animals and vegetation
- no-one is allowed to live in the national parks except for the game wardens and rangers, staff of the lodges and camps and tourists
- national reserve is set out to protect wildlife
126
Tourism in Kenya
- makes an important contribution to Kenya's economy
| - main attractions are wildlife in the National Parks and National Reserves and the resorts on the Indian Ocean Coast
127
cross-section
an imaginary slice of landscape
128
negative impacts of tourism in Kenya:
| environmental damage
Road ad tracks for safari jeeps can erode grass cover damaging plants and animals and disturbing local habitats. Removal of trees and other vegetation can lead to soil erosion.
129
negative impacts of tourism in Kenya:
| inequality
-often profits of tourism are reaped by wealthy landowners or the hotel and travel companies in HIC's
130
negative impacts of tourism in Kenya:
| loss of traditional cultures
The Masai's way of life and traditional farming methods have been disrupted by the setting up of the Serengeti National Park
131
negative impacts of tourism in Kenya:
| water cycle damage
- diverting water for tourists can exploit local water reserves, leaving local people, plants an animals short of water
- sometimes Tourist hotels dump waste in rivers
132
Elephants in Kenya
| what?
- tusks are made of ivory - used to make, jewellery and small statues
- many elephants are killed by poachers
- first national park made in 1948 (didn't stop poaching)
- elephants became endangered in Kenya
133
Elephants in Kenya
| who?
poachers
134
Elephants in Kenya
| how?
- since late 1980s the Kenyan Government has shown commitment to ending the poaching of elephants
- conservation groups e.g. WWF raised money to help save the elephants
- 1990 worldwide ban on the trading of ivory
135
elephants in Kenya
| when?
```
1971 - 111,000
1981 - 65,000
1987 - 19,000
2013 - 35,000
1989 Kenyan President Daniel Arap Mai burnt 12 tons ($3 million) of ivory to show his commitment to ending the trade of ivory.
```
136
Who is Alfie? Where does he live? And why is he under threat?
- an African Bulle elephant
- lives on CHOBE reserve in Zimbabwe
- tourists pay to shoot elephants like Alfie by paying £30K and elephant hunting is legal in the CHOBE reserve
137
What does the future hold for Alfie in the CHOBE reserve?
He may get hunted down and eaten by the locals who earn money from hunting elephants or he might get shot by a tourist. His tusks will probably be removed for ivory and his meat will be taken out for human consumption.
138
capital of Zimbabwe:
Harare
139
countries that border Zimbabwe:
Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa and Botswana
140
how far is the Hwange National Park from Harare?
450km
141
poaching:
illegal
142
hunting:
legal, paid for
143
what is Zimbabwe doing?
- selling the right o shoot 500 elephants
| - Zimbabwe has the second largest elephant population (100,000+) after Botswana
144
Why is Zimbabwe spelling the right to shoot 500 elephants?
Hunting is a topical issue in Kenya as the elephant population is getting out of control as because of COVID-19 elephants haven't been getting hunted. Whereas other people think that elephants shouldn't be hunted and killed making it a controversial issue. People will have to kill elephants to protect the reserve as more vegetation will have to be eaten meaning that some elephants wi die anyway so some think that they might as well make profit out of hunting them.
145
Why would a US elephant hunter be for elephant hunting?
- can take a picture for FaceBook
- make his friends jealous
- boost economy
146
Why would a Safari company be for elephant hunting?
- hunting decreases illegal poaching
| - increase in tourists
147
Why would an Animal Rights Group be against elephant hunting?
-it is murder/slaughter
148
Why would the Government of Zimbabwe be for elephant hunting?
- contributes close to 15% of GDP
- helps pay towards schools, hospitals and reserves
- increase of 20,000 elephants since hunting was introduced
149
Why would a villager be for elephant hunting?
- tourist shop outside reserve makes family wealthy
| - kids can go to school
150
Why would a villager be against elephant hunting?
- doesn't benefit their family
| - only receives $1-3 per yr out of $50,00 spent to kill an animal
151
Why would the president of the CHOBE reserve be for elephant hunting?
- hunts are organised in accordance to the law
- we hunt sustainably
- will listen to advisors if hunting needs to be cut back
152
is hunting sustainable?
yes because poaching has decreased and the breeding of elephants has increased
153
what are the difficulties of bringing modern technology to countries in Africa?
- certain types of technology may be unfamiliar to them and would have to adapt
- might destroy culture
- it can be difficult bringing it in because of its vast range of technologies
- hard to set up WiFi in the desert or set up power stations that can generate enough energy to keep the country running
- some places in Africa are extremely poor and undeveloped
- might not have the right resources to properly utilise them
- will have to adapt to a widespread use a technology and how it can affect a business
- phones are expensive and require charging every day
- people might not be able to afford phones creating a social gap
154
how could mobile phones bring benefits to different groups of people in African countries
- allows people to comm to communicate with the outside world
- small business owners can post on social media to bring awareness of their business
- can access the internet quicker and learn new things
- allows them to technologically catch up with the rest of the world
- tourists visit Africa to experience the traditions and the different tribes' ways of life but if the traditions polluted by modern technology tourism having a negative effect on the economy
- people may benefit from the money they earn by selling phones
155
You own a mobile phone and you can get the latest pries for cattle each of the three markets via SMS
Advantages of knowing daily prices
- its easier to see the prices at different markets and you can decide which one you can go to from there which is more time efficient than walking to the markets to see the prices and then having to walk there again with their cattle
- you can see factors that would affect the journey e.g. weather and see if its worth travelling there for the amount you get
- you can uses google maps to help navigate or help you if you get lost
- you can call the police if a. cattle rustler tries to take your cattle
- they won't have to waste as much energy
156
How Africa could change in the future?
| population wise
- by 2030 1 in 5 people will be African
- Africa will account for more than half (54%) the population growth in the coming decades
- UN predicts that between 2015-2050 Africa will ad 1.3 bill more people
- UNICEF predicts 2 bill more babies will be born in Africa
157
How Africa could change in the future?
| mobile phones
- an overwhelming majority of the population already owns a mobile phone
- increased availability of mobile services and smartphone ownership has helped propel Samsung to become Africa's number 1 most admired brand
- only 16 African brands in most admired brands
158
How Africa could change in the future?
| Women in Africa
11 countries in Africa hold close to 1/3 of parliamentary seats - more than in Europe
- in Rwanda women have 64% of the seats in the lower house, it has the highest proportion of women parliamentarians worldwide
- high female representation
159
China investing in Africa
| economic impacts
- in 2009, China overtook the US as Africa's biggest trading partner
- China has constructed a 930 mile pipeline to take oil from Sudan to the Red Sea
- 16 African countries are official tourism destinations for Chinese holiday makers
- China sees Africa as a land of economic opportunity
- Africa imports millions of Chinese good every year
- by 2014, trade between China and Africa had hit $200 billion
- China has invested money in Nigeria, Angola and Algeria
- China has agreed to loan Angola $2 billion
- 10% of all arms deals in Africa are linked to China
- China has also agreed to write off most of the debt owned by African countries
- China has sold firefighter jets to Zimbabwe
160
China investing in Africa
| economic and environmental impacts
- China has been investing in Sudan's soil since 1995
- In January 2009 China bought a 45% stake in Nigeria's biggest oil field
- South Africa is China's fourth largest iron ore supplier
- Last year Chins bought 50% of the oil in Sudan
- Africa is home to the largest Chinese mining company outside of China
- 85% of all cobalt mineral imports in China come from Congo
- China wants to develop a strong partnership with Africa take control of its oil supplies
161
China investing in Africa
| Social and economic
- about 800 Chinese companies have set up in Africa
- China is building roads, bridges and power grids in Africa
- China is estimated to have 78,000 people working in Africa
162
China investing in Africa
| Social
- Chinese companies are building schools, hospitals, railway lines and offices in Angola
- China has sent 1,100 doctors to Africa
- China allows African students to go to China to continue their education
163
Would you allow China to continue investing in Africa?
I would not allow China to continue investing in Africa as Africa would become increasingly more dependent on China and China may take advantage of Africa and start to use the profits more for themselves to increase the wealth of China rather than to help develop Africa. However, if China does help Africa to develop and make it more independent then I think China should continue to invest in Africa.
164
China investing in Africa
| main social impact
-Chinese companies are building schools, hospitals, railway lines and offices in Angola is what I think is the most important social impact as it improves peoples quality of life, infrastructure and allows people to continue their education
