African American Revision Flashcards
African American flashcards, thematicised. (141 cards)
1
Q
What were the achievements of Lincoln?
1861-1865
A
Abraham Lincoln
Republican - 1863 - Emancipation Proclamation - 1865 - 13th Amendment - abolished slavery - Struggled against war and attitudes
GOOD
2
Q
What were the achievements of Andrew Johnson? 1865-1869
A
Andrew Johnson
Democrat 1868 - enacted 14th Amendment - citizenship. 2AA senators elected - Impeached for vetoing every Bill that furthered Reconstruction - Granted Pardons to Southern rebels, rich planters asserted their authority
BAD
3
Q
What were the achievements of Ulysses S. Grant?
1869-1877
A
Ulysses S. Grant
- Republican*
- Promised support for AA civil rights, however scandal and support in the south weakened
- 1870 - enacted the 15th Amendment - right to vote - first AA in Congress
- 1871 - Enforcement Acts banned the KKK
- Financial Scandal, economic crisis, post-war recovery and attitude overall hindered progress
4
Q
What were the achievements of Rutherford B Hayes?
1877-1881
A
Rutherford B Hayes
- Republican*
- Only elected through a commitment to the end of Reconstruction
- Too weak to prevent Southern Democrats repealing Acts supporting the franchise of AAs
- Post war and attitudes hindered.
5
Q
What were the achievements of James A Garfield?
1881 (Assassinated)
A
James A Garfield
Republican
- Appointed AAs to important posts - Douglass (recorder of deeds in Washington), Blanche K Bruce (register to the Treasury)
- Tried to weaken Southern Democrats
- Unfortunately, killed
6
Q
What were the achievements of Chester A Arthur?
1881-1885
A
Chester A Arthur
Republican
- Too distracted with rebuilding the nation post-war to care
- 1883 - Too weak to stop Congress removing the 1875 Civil Rights Act
Hindrance
7
Q
What were the achievements of Grover Cleveland?
1885-1889 & 1893-1897
A
Grover Cleveland
Democrat
- Apathetic to AA Civil Rights - allowed racism to continue
- Did not support NAACP or Niagra Movements
- Boasted he’d never share a table with an AA
- Failed to follow up Reconstruction
- Allowed lynching to continue - refused to support Ida B Wells
Hindrance
8
Q
What were the achievements of Benjamin Harrison?
1889-1893
A
Benjamin Harrison
- Republican*
- Tried and failed to protect AA Civil Rights, get better education, stop lynching and support groups
9
Q
What were the achievements of William McKinley?
1897-1901
A
William McKinley
Republican (Assassinated)
- Didn’t focus on AA Civil Rights
- Let racial violence continue
- Appointed AAs to low paid jobs
- Bystander, too occupied with the war in Spain from 1898
Hindrance
10
Q
What were the achievements of Theodore Roosevelt?
1901-1909
A
Theodore Roosevelt
Republican
- 1901 - Appointed Booker T Washington as an advisor, entertained him at dinner (first AA to dine with a president) - considered an empty token by many
- Supported AA education
- Spending on education was unequal
- Appointed some AA to Federal Offices
11
Q
What were the achievements of William Howard Taft?
1909-1913
A
William Howard Taft
Republican
- Endorsed Booker T’s policy of education
- Believed Civil Rights were an issue of States’ Rights
- Allowed violence to continue
12
Q
What were the achievements of Woodrow Wilson?
1913-1921
A
Woodrow Wilson
Democrat
- Racist
- Allowed Jim Crow to flourish
- Left States to address race alone
- Filled administration with Southern Democrats
- Encouraged official segregation
- Supported KKK
- Refused to grant poverty stricken AA benefits
Hindrance
13
Q
What were the achievements of Warren G Harding
1921-1923
A
Warren G Harding
Republican
- Believed the South had a deeper understanding of racial problems
- 1921 - Birmingham, first President to openly advocate civil rights
- Anti-lynching Bill - Dyer bill
14
Q
What were the achievements of Calvin Coolidge?
1923-1929
A
Calvin Coolidge
Republican
- KKK lost influence during this term - refused to appoint known members
- Spoke out in favour of Civil Rights and AA
- Appointed AA to Federal Offices
- Called for anti-lynching legislation
- Declared the rights of 12 million AA as ‘sacred’ as everyone elses
- Achieved nothing - Congress overruled
- 1928 - Oscar De Priest elected to Congress, first in 20th Century
15
Q
What were the achievements of Herbert Hoover?
1929-1933
A
Herbert Hoover
Republican
- Received lots of AA support in election
- Used ‘race’ card to win democrat votes
- 1930 - attempted to appoint a racist Supreme Court judge, stopped by NAACP
- Thought AA would naturally educate themselves and assimilate
- Lost the confidence of the people
16
Q
What were the achievements of Franklin D Roosevelt?
1933-1945
A
Franklin D Roosevelt
Democrat
- Personally sympathetic to the AA
- Snubbed Jesse Owens, even after winning 4 gold medals
- New Deal - 30% of AA on relief
- Depended on Southern Democrats - could not do more for AAs in the New Deal - told Walter White (NAACP secretary) that he had to keep on S. Democrat side
- Denounced lynching as ‘a vile form of collective murder’ but wouldn’t push for anti-lynching legislation in case his lost S. Democrat support ·
- 1941 – signed an order forbidding racial discrimination in employing defence workers ·
- Struggled with poor economy and war plus attitudes of S. Democrats
17
Q
What were the achievements of Harry S Truman?
1945-1953
A
Harry S Truman
Democrat
- Created the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, October 1947
- 1948 - Executive Order desegregating the army and navy
- 1948 - Executive Order made racial discrimination illegal when applying for civil service positions
- Supported anti-lynching
- Refused to bow to Southern Democrats
GOOD
18
Q
What were the achievements of Dwight D Eisenhower?
1953-1961
A
Dwight D Eisenhower
Republican
- 1953 - appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren
- 1954 - outlawed discrimination in D.C.
- 1957 - intervened to stop Governor Faubus in Little Rock
19
Q
What were the achievements of John F Kennedy?
1961-1963
A
John F Kennedy
Democrat
- Released MLK from Birmingham jail, supported the march on Washington
- Worked on the Voting Rights Act
- Supported integration
- Tried to avoid civil rights
- 1962 - reluctantly supported Meredith with 3000 troops
- Intervened in Birmingham and Alabama
20
Q
What were the achievements of Lyndon B Johnson?
1963-1969
A
Lyndon B Johnson
Democrat
- 1964 - Civil Rights Act, outlawed segregation - broke a S Democrat filibuster
- 1965 Voting Rights Act - secured the AA right to vote
- 1965 Higher Education Act - gave AA better quality education and opportunities
- Elected Thurgood Marshall as Supreme Court Justice
- Occupied with Vietnam, fell out with MLK
21
Q
What were the achievements of Richard Nixon?
1969-1974
A
Richard Nixon
Republican
- Desegregated school bussing
- Did not approve of black panthers
- Rejected Ralph Abernathy’s demands for social reform
- Tried to win S. Democratic vote
- Affirmative Action - positive discrimination
- 1972- Equal Rights Amendment
*
22
Q
What were the achievements of Gerald Ford?
1974-1979
A
Gerald Ford
Republican
- Worked with Civil Rights leaders
- Appointed first AA transport secretary - William T Coleman
- Did not look for AA votes
23
Q
What were the achievements of Jimmy Carter?
1977-1981
A
Jimmy Carter
Democrat
- Inexperienced in federal politics
- Appointed 37 AA judges - x2 previous appointments
- Did not have the support, economic stability of liberal SC to bring civil rights
24
Q
What were the achievements of Ronald Reagan?
1981-1989
A
Ronald Reagan
Republican
- Opposed civil rights legislation in the 1960s
- Administration ‘colour-blind’ - tried to resist affirmative action
- Economic slump led to Reagan cutting benefits - AAs got caught in a cycle which increased bifurcation
- Appointed a Conservative Justice to the Supreme Court, cautious with civil rights
- Tried to veto the Civil Rights Restoration Act, 1988
25
**What were the achievements of George H W Bush?**
1989-1992
**George H W Bush**
*Republican*
* Only 6.9% of his appointments were from racial minorities
* Spoke against black crime
* 1990 - Vetoed a civil rights Bill because he opposed affirmative action
* 1991 - Appointed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, a black, conservative, Republican lawyer
26
When was the **Freedman's Bureau** created?
**1865**
27
When was the **13th Amendment** ratified?
**1865**
28
When was the first **Civil Rights Act** passed, and what did it contain?
* Passed in 1866
* Should have guaranteed legal equality but they feared in could be declared unconstitutional
29
When and what was the **Military Reconstruction Act?**
* 1867
* Divided the South into 5 military zones, must agree to civil rights before forming state governments
30
Who were the notable **radical Republicans**, and what did they believe?
* Thaddeus Stevens
* Charles Sumner
* AAs were vital to US economy, and must be given citizenship
31
How many AAs were elected to Congress?
House of Representatives: 20
Senate: 2
32
When were the Force Acts brought in, and what did they try to do?
Introduced in 1870, aimed to increase access to franchise for AAs
33
When did the Freedman's Bureau lose its funding?
1872, leading to its closure. Support for education fell dramatically
34
What did the 1871 Civil Rights Act do?
Protected AAs from the KKK
35
What did the 1875 Civil Rights Act bring?
An attempt to stop de facto segregation that had developed - not enforced
36
Name one type of vote restriction imposed through legislation in the South, which continued post-1877
- Grandfather Clauses: The legislation suggested that only those with enfranchised grandparents had the right to vote
37
Did Congress support the measures of Ida B Wells?
No
38
How many AAs were in Congress or state legislatures in 1915?
None.
39
Why was **Oscar De Priest** signficant?
Oscar De Priest was the first AA to be elected to Congress since 1900 (he was elected in **1928)**
40
During the 1920s and 1930s, who dominated Congress?
Southern Democrats
41
When was Adam Clayton Powell elected to the House of Representatives?
1945, challenged de facto segregation
42
Who opposed the 1957 Civil Rights Act, and why?
Southern Democrats - LBJ had to water down the bill in order to secure its passage. Initially planned to expand the Civil Rights Commission in the Justice Department -- very weak
43
What did the 1960 Renewed Civil Rights Commission do?
Encouraged senior posts to be allocated to the AA. Made bombing and mob action a punishable crime
44
What did Attorney General Robert Kennedy do?
Forcefully implemented favourable Supreme Court decisions - e.g. Federal intervention to get Meredith into university
45
What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act bring?
Banned all racial discrimination, established Fair Employment Practice Commission
46
What did the **1965 Voting Rights Act **bring?
The abolition of all voting registration requirements that penalised AAs.
47
When did Congress become distracted by Vietnam first?
1966
48
When and what did the fair Housing Act bring?
Racial discrimination in house sales made illegal - passed begrudingly
49
What did the Equal Opportunity Act bring?
Equal Opportunity Act, 1972 - affirmative action, gave the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission more power
50
When was Andrew Young elected to Congress?
1972
51
When was the Voting Rights Act renewed?
1982 - strengthened with stricter rules against discrimination
52
When was Martin Luther King Day introduced?
1983
53
How many AAs were elected into Congress in 1992?
36 AAs
54
What did the **1873 Slaughterhouse Case** confirm?
1873 Slaughterhouse Case
- States controlled civil rights
55
What did **1876 US vs Cruickshank **conclude?
Federal government had no power over individuals, only states. 100 men dropped of the murder charge
56
What did the **1896 Plessy vs Ferguson** case conclude?
**1896 Plessy vs Ferguson**
Separate but equal.
57
What did **1898 Mississippi vs Williams **conclude?
**1898 Mississippi vs Wiliams**
Attempted to appoint AA juries - rejected
58
What did the **1898 Cumming vs Board of Education **conclude?
**1898 Cumming Vs Board of Education **
Separate but equal extended to schools
59
**Guinn Vs US**
What did the 1915 Guinn Vs US conclude?
Guinn Vs US
Grandfather Clauses outlawed in Maryland and Oklahoma
60
What did the **1917 Buchanan Vs Warley **conclude?
**1917 Buchanan Vs Warley**
Residential segregation in Louisville, Kentucky deemed unconstitutional based on property rights only
61
**1923 Moore Vs Dempsey**
What did Moore Vs Dempsey conclude?
**1923 Moore Vs Dempsey**
12 death sentences for AA dropped due to mob actions of whites
62
**1933 Trudeau Vs Barnes**
What did Trudeau vs Barnes conclude?
**1933 Trudeau vs Barnes**
State cases must be exhausted before appealing to the Supreme Court
63
**1938 Gaines Vs Canada**
What did Gaines vs Canada conclude?
**Gaines Vs Canada**
Concluded that separate but equal rights must be enforced (i.e. AAs deserve equitable treatment, not below par)
64
**1944 Smith Vs Allright**
What did the **Smith vs Allwright **case conclude?
**Smith Vs Allwright**
Outlawed all white primaries
65
**1954 Brown vs Board of Education**
What did **Brown vs Board of Education **conclude?
**Brown vs Board of Education**
Overturned separate but equal
66
**1956 Browder Vs Gayle**
What did **Browder vs Gayle **conclude?
**1956 Browder vs Gayle **
Segregation on buses unconstitutional
67
**1960 Boyton Vs Virginia**
What did **Boyton Vs Virginia **conclude?
**Boyton Vs Virginia **
Boyton vs Virginia outlawed segregation on interstate travel, sparked Freedom Rides
68
**1970 Green Vs Connally**
What did the Green vs Connally conclude?
**Green Vs Connally**
Federal funding of racist organisations would cease
69
1971 Griggs Vs Duke Power Company
What did **Griggs vs Duke power company **conclude?
Griggs vs Duke Power Company
Intelligence tests unconstitutional due to the bad education experienced by discriminated AAs
70
**1971 Swannn vs Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education**
What did Swann vs Charlotte conclude?
Swann vs Charlotte
Bussing deemed consitutional for integration purposes
71
**1974 Milliken vs Bradley**
What did Milliken vs Bradley conclude?
Milliken vs Bradley concluded court order bussing should be stopped
72
**1978 Regents of Uni. California vs Baake**
What did Regents vs Baake conclude?
Regents vs Baake
Regents vs Baake concluded a medical student was being discriminated against based on his race
73
**1992 Freedmen vs Pitts**
What did Freedmen vs Pitts conclude?
Freedmen vs Pitts concluded that no more could be done to aid desegregation
74
Who was the first AA to have an important political career?
Bruce K Blanche
75
Who formed the Afro-American League?
T Thomas Fortune
76
**Booker T Washington**
What are some of the achievements of Booker T
Booker T washington
Ran the Tuskegee Institute from 1881 onwards
1895 Atlanta Compromise - accepted white supremacy, believed in accomodationism
77
**WEB Du Bois**
What did WEB Du Bois believe?
WEB Du Bois
- Rejected Washington's accomodationist position established the Niagra movement, which led to the formation of the NAACP in 1909.
78
Who was Mary Ovington?
Executive Director of the NAACP 1910-17, successful.
79
Marcus Garvey
Who, what, when, where, why?
Marcus Garvey
Founded UNIA in 1914, initally inspired by T, but wanted to go further - the repatriation of AAs to Africa
Launched Negro World in 1917
Popular amongst ghetto bruddas
Founded the Black Eagle Star Steamship Line
Declined post-war, talks with KKK led to suspicion - Garvey Must Go in 1922, arrested in 1925
80
What did Oscar de Priest do?
Republican, elected to Congress in 1928, did not support the New Deal, but stood against segregation in Washington
81
Who was Walter White?
Secretary of NAACP in 1930-1955 - good organiser and politically strong
82
Name a couple of racist politicians
Theodore Bilbo and Eugene Talmadge
83
Who was Adam Clayton Powell?
First AA elected the HoR, challenged de facto segregation
84
Who was Thurgood Marshall?
Thurgood Marshall
Lawyer for the NAACP, fought in the Supreme Court; won nearly all cases - notably the Brown case. Appointed as the first AA Justice of the SC by Johnson in 1967
85
Who was Earl Warren?
Chief Justice, 1953 - drove the liberal SC in the 1950s
86
Who was Strom Thurmond?
Opposed the desegregation of the army, created political movement to oppose mainstream parties, not really successful
87
Who was Faubus?
Governor of Arkansas, used federal troops to block Little Rock Nine
88
Who was Rosa Parks?
Rosa Parks was a local NAACP member who refused to give up her seat on a bus - led to her arrest, sparked Montgomery bus boycott
89
Martin Luther King
Who was he, what did he do?
Baptist Minister, heavily involved in Civil Rights Movement - organised march on Washington in 1963, created SCLC in 1957, believed in non-violent methods
90
Who was Ralph Abernathy and what did he do?
Deputy to King, took over after his assassination
91
Who was Roy Wilkins?
Wilkins was the leader of the NAACP up until his death. Moderate, less confrontational than the SCLC
92
Who was Ella Baker?
Ella Baker supported AA voting, part of the NAACP and active member of the SNCC
93
What did Robert Kennedy do?
Forcefully implemented positive SCOTUS rulings, strongly driven to support Civil Rights
94
Who was Fred Shuttleworth?
Fred Shuttleworth formed the 1956 Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, invited MLK to Birmingham in 1963
95
Who was Eugene Bull Connor??
Birimingham Commissioner of Public Safety, determined to keep segregation, re-elected five times. Set police dogs and water hoses against protestors
96
Who was Malcolm X?
Spokesman of the Nation of Islam, said AA should rise up and take what they deserved over the white devil. Believed whites would always look down on blacks. Expressed his views in Muhammed Speaks, on TV and radio. Became disillusioned with NoI and was assassinated in 1965`
97
Who was Elijah Muhammed?
Elijah Muhammed was the leader of the Nation of Islam in 1934, believed in separate determination for AAs
98
Who was Stokley Carmichael?
Organiser for SNCC, co-wrote Black Power, left SNCC for Black Panthers in 1967. Black Supremacy.
99
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Founders of Black Panthers. Worked to improve social and economic conditions in black neighbourhoods
100
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas was appointed by Bush in 1991, a Conservative Republican AA lawyer. Not supportive of CRs
101
Jesse Jackson
Prominent member of the SCLC.
Founded PUSH in 1971, got 1000s of jobs through affirmative action
campaigned twice for presidency, similar to King, highlighted significance of AA vote
People thought him old fashioned
102
Who was Rodney King?
Stopped for Drink Driving in 1991, resisted arrest adn was beaten by police. Caught on camera, seen by whole world. All white jury aquitted policemen in 1992. Riots in LA, 50 killed, 200 injured
103
Freedmans Bureau
Set up by Feds in 1865, helped to support AA in the short term and to provide security in the long term. Helped find AA homes, employment, education, food, medical care etc. Stopped in 1870s
104
KKK
Founded by Nathan Forrest, mainly Southern. Terrorists. Banned in 1870s, reformed in 1915. Infiltrated and split southern democrats
1924 - 5 million
1930 - 30,000
105
Ghettos
Harlem, NY 1880s - first ghetto
Good for unity, bad for segregation
106
Niagara Movement
Founded by Washington, Trotter and Du Bois, campaigned for voting rights and the removal of discrimination. Lacked funds and organisation - belief in equality of education
107
NAACP
Founded 1909
Fought through lawyers
108
National Urban League
Inspired by success of NAACP, campaigned against discrimination in housing and jobs
109
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance featured a group of artists who gained popularity in the 1920s
110
Universal Negro Improvement Association
UNIA campaigned to avoid the melting pot, desiring independence and equality - disliked the NAACP for begging from white govt., thought AAs should take their own freedom
111
National Negro Congress
Founded in 1935, a pressure group to ensure AA received a fair share in the ND, became mostly communist, disbanded in 1947
112
Daughters of the American Revolution
White women racist group who blocked the way to Marian Anderson in Constiution Hall
113
Congress of Racial Equality
CORE, set up in 1942, against northern de facto segregation. Revived by James Farmer, 1961, split over black power, became moderate. Regarded as suspicious during red scare
114
How did Phillip A Randolph inspire King?
Conceptualised the March on Washington
115
White Citizens Councils
Dating from the Brown Case, desired segregation in the South
116
Southern Christian Leadership Council
SCLC - 1957 MLK became president, not many members, but reactive to things like Birmingham
117
Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee
SNCC - Set up by Ella Baker in support of sit ins and other non violent protest
118
Nation of Islam
Founded in 1930, led by Elijah Muhammed
## Footnote
119
Black Panthers
1966, led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale - not integrationsrts, 10 point programme for better opportunity and education. Militant
120
What was WWI?
A catalyst for Civil Rigths - Harlem Hellfighters and 350,000 others fought with distinction
121
What did the Cold War bring?
Suspicion of Communism, groups suffered greatly
122
Vietnam
Stripped attention from civil rights, led to dispute between LBJ and MLK (before being shot in the head, of course)
123
Post civil war economy
Pretty bad, couldn't afford to enforce or sustain programmes to improve the standard of living. Reconstruction was cut short
124
1920s economy
BOOM!
125
Great Depression
Bad, civil rights fell by the wayside
126
WW2 Economy
Further difficulties, continued decline
127
What happened during the Cold War era economically?
Red Scare and McArthyism led to suspicion
128
Reaganomics
Financial downturn and neoliberal ideals
129
1966 Memphis riots
3 days of riots after carriage collision
130
1967 New Orleans Riots
AA soldiers travelled to vote, 34 killed, 100 injured
131
1908 Springfield Riots
Allegations a black man attempted to rape a white woman. Donnegan was lynched
132
1919 Chicago Race Riots
Black boy in white beach killed. 13 days of rioting.
133
Scotsboro Boys
9AAs accused of raping 2 white women. 4 released, 5 had till wait till 1950
134
What happened in 1955?
Emmet Till wolf whistled a white woman. He was killed.
135
Montgomery Bus Boycotts 1955
Rosa Parks refused to give up seat. Car pools + 1 year boycott. Won.
136
Birmingham 1963
Birmingham 1963 - SCLC protest by MLK, stimulated speech by JFK
137
March on Washington
June 1963, unitied all groups, I had a dream...
138
Sit-ins 1960-1
Greensboro, N Carolina sit ins of 4AAs 1960. Sparked formation of SNCC. By end of 1961, 810 desegregated facilities
139
Freedom Rides
1961, AAs and whites protested against segregation, gained media support
140
Chicago Campaign
Chicago Campaign - MlK and SCLC targetted social issues in north - racists organised - campaign failed
141
What happened during the Three Long Summers?
Riots in East coast cities, mainly LA
