African Americans Flashcards
(271 cards)
1
Q
When did the ku klux klan form
A
1865 in Tennessee
2
Q
Why was the KKK set up
A
To oppose any attempt try to persuade newly enfranchised African Americans to vote republican and guarantee the supremacy of the white race
3
Q
What methods were used by the KKK
A
Intimidation methods- beat and lynched AA’s and set bombs, spread myth of ‘savage’ black men and targeted freedmen and school members
4
Q
Birth of a nation
A
Depicted the klan as a patriotic struggle and anti-immigrant protests flared
5
Q
Booker T Washington
A
Famous educator gaining the confidence of white Americans and dedicating his life to hard work and education, inspired further black activists
6
Q
What did booker T Washington’s successful institute bring
A
Hopes for gradual improvement without political or social change
7
Q
How much was Booker T Washington given in bonds
A
$600,000
8
Q
W.E.B Du bois
A
Wanted complete social and political equality, appalled by the lynchings which led to the Niagara movement that pressed for radical change
9
Q
How many African Americans were homeowners by 1913
A
550,000
10
Q
What was the literacy rate of African Americans by 1913
A
70%
11
Q
How many African American pupils were in state schools by 1913
A
1.7 million
12
Q
Marcus Garvey
A
Set up the UNIA and advocated for black self reliance and the establishment of an independent African nation
13
Q
What did Marcus Garvey encourage
A
Return to Africa and rebuild it as a global power
14
Q
What venture did Marcus Garvey launch
A
The black star line - trade and transport for the African diaspora
15
Q
Positive impacts of World War One on African Americans
A
- rapid growth of American economy
- migration to the north
16
Q
Negative impacts of World War One on African Americans
A
- African American’s made to feel insecure
-surge in racial tension e.g. red summer when race riots erupted in Chicago and Washington - mass migration led to job opportunities but discrimination in the work place
17
Q
Race riot Michigan
A
- teenage black boy shifted into whites only section of place in Michigan and was stoned and drowned
- 13 days of sporadic violence ensued when Irish and polish workers attacked ghettos, leaving 25 blacks and 15 whites dead
18
Q
Harlem renaissance
A
Cultural, artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in the 1920s - flourishing of AA creativity in literature, music, visual arts etc
19
Q
What were the NAACPs main areas for concern
A
Education, desegregation and voting rights
20
Q
Moore v Dempsey 1923
A
Legal victory for NAACP where 12 black men were accused of killing a white man - all white jury took 8 minutes to find them all guilty - NAACP successfully appealed to Supreme Court
21
Q
Who was the main lawyer for the NAACP
A
Thurgood Marshall
22
Q
Emancipation proclamation
A
Stated that black people could no longer be owned as property by others and were free to leave their masters
23
Q
What did the emancipation proclamation result in
A
An increasing number of slaves leaving plantations
24
Q
What did the 13th amendment do for African Americans
A
Formally free all slaves
25
What could African Americans do after the 13th amendment
- have plantation marriages legalized
- Worship freely
- own property
- become educated
- Travel freely
26
When was Abraham Lincoln assassinated
April 1865
27
What was an issue with releasing 3.5 million slaves
They were provided with little support and consequently left homeless and unemployed
28
When was the freedman’s bureau established
1865
29
What was the aim of the freedman’s Bureau
To provide a basis for African American long term security
30
What did the freedman’s bureau support
The work of black self help groups in providing education for black children and adults supported financially by philanthropic organizations in the north
31
What would the traditional curriculum of the freedman’s bureau do
Train black lawyers, scientists and teachers and would indirectly train future black leaders
32
How many African American school aged children were still unable to write by 1890
65%
33
Why did the bureau close in 1872
Due to the decline of radical republicanism, meaning congress wouldn’t renew its mandate
34
Civil rights act 1866
Excluded natives but asserted that all other races including African Americans were full citizens of the United States even if they had previously been slaves
35
Military reconstruction act 1867
Divided the south into military districts
36
What had been achieved for African Americans by 1867
- freedom of movement
- employment and education opportunity
- equality under the law
- right to vote
37
Why was Johnson impeached in 1868
Due to his lenient reconstruction policies toward the south after the civil war and his frequent clashes with republican-dominated congress
38
Why was Johnson impeached by the House of Representatives
His vetoes of civil rights legislation and attempts to obstruct congressional reconstructional efforts
39
How did Johnson avoid removal from office
When the senate fell one vote short of the 2/3 majority required for conviction
40
Why is it argued that Johnson removed his war secretary Edwin Stanton
He was attempting to get rid of any opposition to using his powers and imposing policy by force
41
Who were the first to enact the black codes
Mississippi and South Carolina in 1865
42
What did the black codes require
Black people to have written evidence of employment for the coming year each January; leaving before the end of the contract would mean they have to forfeit earlier wages and were subject to arrest
43
What did a law under the black codes prevent black people from working in
Any other occultation than farmer or servant unless they payed annual tax of $10-$100
44
What were African Americans given heavy penalties for in Mississippi and South Carolina
Vagrancy (punishments including forced plantation Labour)
45
What was the compromise of 1877
Presidential contest between Hayes and Tilden. Results extremely close and some votes for electoral college disputed. Electoral commission found in favor of Hayes who was required to remove federal intervention in the south
46
What event ended reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
47
What did Washington argue at the Atlanta speech Niagara movement
That if Whites could regard blacks as economic partners rather than dangerous political opponents, then racial tension would be diffused
48
What did the Atlanta speech Niagara movement see the acceptance of
Segregation
49
What did Washington argue that African a,Erica a should focus on
Education and economic opportunity rather than political rights
50
What was the Plessy V Ferguson case of 1896
A man named Plessy challenged Louisianas law requiring segregated rail cars, arguing that it violated the 14th amendment.
51
What was the outcome of Plessy V Ferguson
The jury ruled 7-1 against Plessy, stating that as long as facilities for black and whites were equal, the constitution was not being broken
52
What did Plessy v Ferguson uphold
The “separate but equal” doctrine
53
When was the revival of the KKK
1915
54
What did the second KKK expand its hatred to
Jews, Catholics, immigrants and other minority groups, promoting 100% Americanism
55
What happened to the KKK at its peak
They wielded significant political and social influence, with membership reaching thousands before declining by the late 1920s
56
Wall Street crash
Widespread economic depression that fell globally in 1929
57
At the height of the Wall Street crash, how many were unemployed
1 in 4 Americans and 1 in 2 African Americans
58
What belief did Hoover hold about welfare
That individuals were responsible for their own welfare, and the government should be able to give individuals ability to solve own problems
59
Where were poorly paid jobs being allocated during the Wall Street crash
To whites
60
What were the purposes of the New Deal
Relief, recovery and reform
61
The national recovery act
Purpose was to recover industry - created a partnership of business, labor and government to attack depression with measures such as price controls, high wages and codes of fair competition
62
First agricultural adjustment act
Purpose to recover agriculture - paid farmers who agreed to reduce production of basic crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, hogs and corn
63
Public works administration
Funded with $3.3 billion which led to building of roads, dams, hospitals and schools
64
Federal emergency relief agency
Purpose was to give relief - gave money to states and municipalities so they could distribute money, clothing, and food to the unemployed
65
Civilian conservative corps
Gave outdoor work for unemployed men between 17 and 29 - received $30 a month but $22 went back to families
66
Social security act
Gave money to states for aid to dependent children, establishing unemployment insurance through payroll deduction, setup pensions
67
National Labour relations (Wagner) act
Reform put restraints on employers and set up’s national labor relations board to protect rights of organized Labour to bargain collectively with employers
68
Second agricultural adjustment act
Paid farmers for conservation of practices, but only if they restricted production of staple crops
69
US housing authority
Used federal funds to tear down slums and construct better quality housing
70
What element of the national recovery act impacted African Americans
Minimum wage regulations made it illegal for employers to hire those not worth the minimum wage, which saw 500,000 blacks lose their jobs
71
Impact of the first AAA
Less work for thousands of poor black sharecroppers who were also forced to pay higher food prices
72
Wagner acts impact on African Americans
Excluded blacks as dominant unions discriminated against them - originally drafted with a provision against racial violence but the American federation lobbied again sir
73
The Rosevelt’s administration
Access to black leaders and new deal reforms strengthened black support for the Democratic Party
74
What did Philip Randolph and Barnard Rustin do during World War Two
Began to organize a march to Washington to protest against discrimination in the defence industries
75
What did Truman issue in response to Randolph’s campaign
Executive order 9981 banned segregation in armed forces
76
How much did African American Labour increase in iron and steel industries after Randolph’s campaign
25%
77
CORE
Congress of racial equality
78
When was core set up
1942
79
What did CORE campaign against
De facto segregation in the north
80
When did CORE begin to receive more support
In the 1960s
81
Impact of the Cold War on African Americans
Many believed it was hypocritical to fight oppressive USSR when own citizens segregated and oppressed and belief that AAs should be given rights grew - however, fear of communism made it difficult for protests and meetings to be held as they risked falling under suspicion
82
What ruling did Brown V Board of education 1954 overrule
Plessy v Ferguson
83
What did thurgood Marshall argue in the brown v board of education case
Used evidence from psychologists to describe the psychological damage caused by segregation, such as feelings of inferiority and low self esteem
84
How many states complied with the desegregation ruling of brown v board of education within a year
70%
85
What did Eisenhower believe about the brown v board of education ruling
That it shouldn’t be imposed on those who didn’t want it
86
What was Eisenhower afraid desegregation would cause
Southern opposition and disorder
87
How did the south get away with ignoring the brown v board of education ruling
There was no timescale set by which schools should be fully integrated, so they used excuse that they lacked the monetary necessity to do it
88
What argument did opposing states to brown v board of education use
One of “state rights”
89
What did white citizens councils do to those who supported integration
Intimidated them, forcing African Americans who had registered to vote out of homes and agricultural violence ensued
90
Southern manifesto
101 southern congressmen pledged to overturn brown v board of education, with many southern states declaring it null and void
91
What increased dramatically from 1914-18
Black migration north
92
When did racial tensions erupt in ww2
During the war, rather than after
93
What occurred in 1943, demonstrating extent of tensions
Detroit riot
94
Where were racial tensions often greatest during world war 2
In the workplace, with whites becoming increasingly agitated at those African Americans exercising authority
95
What was the Red Cross forced to do
Segregate the blood of blacks and whites
96
What happened to those African Americans sent to England during the world war
They experienced a more equal life in society
97
What view emerged after soldiers experienced life in England
The idea that blacks should also receive full rights at home
98
Smith v allwright 1944
Outlawed all kinds of white primary in Texas
99
What was the impact of the Supreme Court ruling 1944
Black registered voters rose from 2% to 12% by 1947
100
What did a few African Americans manage to do after the Supreme Court ruling 1944
Manage to get elected for state legislatures, though none in the Deep Southey Adam Clayton Powell
101
How did the NAACP use the slightly more favorable situation of the 1944 ruling
Initiate voter registration drives to get more African Americans on the voting register, although this was met with heavy resistance
102
What was ruled in brown v board of education
That a young girl, Linda brown, should be allowed to attend her nearest school (an all white school), and that to bar her was unconstitutional
103
What did the Supreme Court ruling require after brown v board of education
Admission of all children to state schools on equal terms.
104
What happened to some sharecroppers and black industrial workers after B v B
They were evicted or lost their jobs if they attempted to register to vote
105
What did political parties do during elections
Increase racist comments in order to train majority support of prejudiced whites
106
What did the election of 1948 show to the deep south
That their views of state rights and race were not shared by the majority of Americans
107
Why did the south eventually struggle to resist demands of the federal government
They needed funding
107
When was Eisenhowers passive approach demonstrated
When Texas brought in local troops, to prevent integration through force and he did nothing to prevent it
107
What happened in Little Rock
Governor Faunus used national guard troops to bar the entry of 9 black children to the central high school after a federal district court ruled that it must be desegregated - president sent troops and announced that 10000 national guard troops were to be put under federal control - same soldiers who had blocked the entry were now keeping back white protestors and escorted the children into school
107
Why would the brown ruling need to be imposed in southern states
The extent of southern resistance meant that it wouldn’t have been accepted without opposition
108
When was Eisenhower moved to take action
When Little Rock occurred
108
What happened after Little Rock
The limitations of the Supreme Court had been demonstrated in terms of acceptance and enforcement - presidential hesitance had been demonstrated also - civil rights acts of 1957 and 1960 were of little impact
108
When did the Montgomery bus boycott take place
1955-6
109
What triggered the Montgomery his boycott
The increasing frustration of blacks at the lack of progress
109
Rosa Parks
An NAACP activist who was thrown off a bus for refusing to give her seat to a white person, triggering the new phase in the movement
109
Why was the boycott significant
Saw the emergence of king and the SCLC, mobilization of the black community, the development of non violence, inspiration and the ending of segregation on buses in cities across the south
109
How did the Montgomery bus boycott pressure authorities
Financially, and pushed them to make concessions
109
What was the Montgomery bus boycott characterized by
A display of non violent effort and unity, as blacks walked to work from out of town areas persistently for a year
109
Broader v Gayle
Ruled segregation on buses to be unconstitutional with similar reasoning to the brown case
109
What was the first significant sit in
1960 when 4 black students staged a sit in at the white only refreshment counter at their local woolworths store, causing hesitation in state authorities and allowing the number of protests to grow
109
Who was Martin Luther King
An effective organizer, a brilliant speaker and a great motivator who organised frequent night time rallies in his and other churches, recharging commitment and determination
109
Freedom rides 1861
Took advantage of increasing white support and developed idea to get on interstate buses in the north, where desegregation had been achieved, and ride them into the south, where segregation was still rife
109
What was the organization developed by Ella baker
Student non violent coordinating committee (sncc)
109
What organization did king set up
Student Christian leadership conference (SCLC)
109
How did MLK create links between civil rights leadership and less educated blacks
By articulating the feelings and frustrations of the black community in a clear, intelligent and persuasive way
110
Why were sit ins an effective demonstration
They were spontaneous
110
Ella baker
Saw significance of sit ins and encouraged king to address the students - insisted that rather than join the SCLC, they create their own organization
110
What was the style of SNCC
More confrontational, as it forced a response from authorities
110
What role was Supreme Court playing in aiding the civil rights cause in the 1960s
Providing increasingly liberal verdicts
110
What was the dilemma faced by police authorities
Using force and aggression to remove demonstrators would create national awareness due to the increasing importance of television, however their ignorance would result in effective desegregation
110
How many southern towns had desegregated facilities by 1961
810
110
Why were freedom rides effective
Because of the publicity it received and the negative response of police authorities
110
Boyston V Virginia
Outlawed segregation on all interstate travel facilities
111
What was Kennedy view of southern segregation law
He believed that they were failing to comply to law and order
111
Who’s government did the freedom rides arouse interest in
Kennedy
112
Where did King select for a major SCLC protest, and why
Birmingham, as he believed that if he could succeed in this large and rigidly segregated city, then he could achieve anywhere
113
What did King and the SCLC demand upon arriving to Birmingham
Desegregation and an end to racism in employment
114
What happened to king at the Birmingham protest
He was arrested
115
What did King do after being imprisoned at the Birmingham protest
Arranged a protest march involving local high school children
116
How did the police chief Connor react to the Birmingham protest
He overreacted, as predicted, and ordered police dogs and water cannons to be used on protestors
117
How did the violence faced by protestors in Birmingham gain publicity
People watched it on tv, including Kennedy
118
What did the white Birmingham business community decide
That a few concessions abandoning segregation was less damaging than the current situation of chaos and loss of profit caused by successful boycotts
119
What did Kennedy decide as a result of the Birmingham protests
That law and order had broken down in the south and that this would be repeated unless federal intervention was used
120
The march in Washington
An organized march from all major groups that was designed to put pressure on the government to follow through with new civil rights bill
121
How many participated in the march on Washington, and what percentage of these where white
250,000 participated with 20% being white
122
1954 civil rights act
Made racial discrimination in public places illegal, required employers to provide equal employment opportunities, projects involving federal funds could be cut off if there was evidence of discriminatory practice and was successful in defeating southern resistance
123
What was the march on Washington a march for
‘Jobs and freedom’
124
What happened 3 weeks after the march on Washington
Four black children were attacked and killed by a bomb whilst attending Sunday school
125
How did Johnson use his experience of congress to improve African American civil rights
He exploited the shocked mood of the nation after the assassination of Kennedy and collated a government of republicans and democrats that helped to pass the 1964 civil rights amendment and therefore defeat southern resistance
126
Voting rights act 1965
King targeted Alabama where black voter registration was poor, and cameras recorded police violence against a peaceful protest from Selma to Montgomery - led to Johnson promising and duly passing the voting rights bill in 1965
127
What was an issue in terms of employment with the increased migration north
Unskilled jobs were declining, which were often the only jobs they were qualified to do due to past educational discrimination
128
By 1970, how many blacks lived outside of southern states
Half, compared to barely a third in 1950
129
How many black people had an income of below $5000 a year by 1960s
1 in 3, compared to 1 in 10 whites
130
What process encouraged segregation in housing
Blockbusting
131
What was an issue in the housing situation for blacks
Segregated housing, indifferent education, high crime rates with no money or alternative
132
How were black pupils trapped in a poverty cycle
They left school with free formal qualifications and lacked the skills needed in the Labour market
133
What did the 1964 civil rights act largely ignore
Economic issues
134
Where was desegregation more noticeable
In the south
135
Why was king and the SCLC remote from northern blacks
By focusing on desegregation and voting rights rather than social problems, they where geographically remote and also didn’t seem to be addressing their priorities
136
What was a complaint about the march on Washington
Some believed it only focused on half of its original title
137
Who was Malcolm X
A northern African American who was a critic of non violent approach
138
Which group was Malcolm X a prominent member of until 1963
Nation of Islam (NOI)
139
What did Malcolm X hear about in the NOI
Black superiority
140
What did Malcolm X believe
That blacks must not beg favors from whites as he felt NAACP and SCLC were doing
141
Who did Malcolm X’s ideas resonate with
Poor northern blacks
142
Who was Malcolm X limited by
NOI leader Elijah Mohammed, who restricted him from speaking in direct political terms and deprived him of basis for platforming campaigns
143
Why was Malcolm X dismissed from the NOI
He failed to keep quiet on political questions and making critical comments on Muhammad’s leadership
144
What emphasis of the civil rights movement did Malcolm X dislike
The emphasis that saw desegregation and voting rights as essential to progress
145
What issues did Malcolm X focus on
Appalling economic and social conditions that his fellow blacks suffered in the inner cities, issues not addressed by Kings approach
146
Why did he reject integration with whites
He believed that white people were inherently racist
147
Who’s ideas was Malcolm X inspired by
Marcus Garvey
148
Malcolm X claimed he didn’t advocate violence, just the right of…
Self defence
149
Who’s opinions did Malcolm X dismiss
Whites
150
What did Malcolm X do after being dismissed from the NOI
Travelled African and Asia, realizing most Muslims were in fact white
151
What impact did Malcolm X’s assassination have
It stumped the amount of time he had to make any progress, as his ideas required time to develop into change
152
What did King begin to realize during the black power movement
That the movement must address the social and economic problems in the north if it were to really achieve equality for black people
153
What kind of adjustment did desegregation and voting rights require
Non-economic
154
What kind of problems faced the most resistance
Those that required expensive change such as housing, education, equal pay and job opportunities
155
What did King focus on in the Chicago campaign
De facto segregation in education, employment and housing
156
What were the SCLC and King faced with in the Chicago campaign
Less cooperation from blacks, virulent resistance from whites and clever tactics from Mayor Daley
157
What were the SCLC subject to during the Chicago campaign
Pelting with rocks and verbal racist abuse
158
How did Mayor Daley act with civil rights representatives
Pleasant but evasive
159
What was the outcome of the Chicago campaign
The housing question had been highlighted but not solved
160
What event in 1966 saw a drastic reduction of support from congress and president Johnson
The Vietnam war
161
Where did the first of three “long hot summers” begin
In the Watts district
162
What caused the riot in the Watts district
The arresting and beating of a drunken black driver
163
What was the outcome of the Watts riot
14,000 troops required to restore order and 4,000 people were arrested
164
What did King become disillusioned with between 1965-8
The American political set up
165
What did King believe would continue if social and economic reform were not addressed
Rioting and violence, undermining his non violent strategy
166
What kind of views did King move towards
Socialist but non-communist views previously held by Philip Randolph
167
What did King plan after moving towards a more socialist viewpoint
A Poor Man’s march from Mississippi to Washington to protest about severe poverty still existing in the US
168
When was King assassinated
1968
169
What was King doing when he was assassinated
Supporting a local black dust men effort to gain equal employment opportunities
170
What was ignored once King was assassinated
His non-violent approach
171
How was the civil rights movement left after the death of King
Leaderless, directionless, divided and confused
172
What did those who rejected non violence believe
That blacks should be in complete control of their own destiny
173
Which groups began to question the non violence approach
SNCC and CORE
174
What did black power demands include
Fairer implementation of the law, radical social change in housing and education
175
What did those in the black power movement reject
Help from whites and those blacks who believed in working with whites
176
When did the black panthers develop
1966
177
What did the black panthers want to end
White capitalist control in general and police brutality in particular
178
What were the demands of black panthers
Economic in emphasis and influenced by Malcolm X
179
What programmer was developed by black panthers
The ten point programme, with some demands reflecting mainstream civil rights movement but others being more distinctive
180
What kind of juries did black panthers advocate for, and what did this reflect
All black juries, reflecting the greater emphasis on black distinctiveness, bordering on separation and racism towards whites
181
Which group did the black panthers attract members from
SNCC
182
How did typical SCLC supporters feel about the redefined black power movement
They saw it as a step back, viewing the militancy and violence of the movement as ruining it.
183
What did the militancy of the movement mean in terms of support
Large swathes of conservative america were against supporting further civil rights campaigns
184
What was Nixons position on black power movement
He took a strong line on law and order including firm action against the black panthers and rejected Abernathy request for reform
185
Which of Nixons tactics were unlikely to result in a pro-civil rights attitude
He aimed to gain votes from southern democrats who opposed civil rights policy, and aimed to prevent them from voting for segregationist election candidate George Wallace
186
What was the position of African Americans at the end of Nixons presidency
Overcrowding problems persisted, and many blacks remained poor - there was still movement in terms of employment discrimination and education policy
187
What did Nixons policy of affirmative action encourage
The rights of African Americans to have equal opportunities in areas where, because of discrimination in the past, they might still be seen to be at a disadvantage
188
Why did some criticize affirmative action
It went against societal attitude of meritocracy
189
How did the Philadelphia contracts raise employment of African Americans
It set targets to hire those from minorities, which saw an increase in black workers from 1% to 12%
190
Which Supreme Court ruling established the validity of affirmative action
Griggs v Duke Power accompany 1971
191
Bussing
The mandatory transporting of children to areas outside their own locality to achieve a better race mix in schools
192
What type of method was bussing
A radical one, enforcing integration and besting de facto segregation
193
Who opposed bussing
Those who liked neighborhood schools and those who had suspicions about how their white children would be treated
194
Which schools were best integrated by 1972
Southern schools
195
Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg
NAACP took further action concerning school desegregation, and the Supreme Court upheld bussing in this case, but it wasn’t so enthusiastic in the future, and bussing started to decline
196
What happened in areas where bussing was enforced
White people moved to all white suburbs where there were no bussing schemes
197
Whose attitudes where schools reflecting
Societies
198
Green v Connally
Made it clear that federal funds would be withdrawn from higher education institutions that continued to have a policy of segregation
199
How many black students were in their traditional colleges in 1971
A third, with this figure being 90% in the south
200
What did ford enjoy more than previous presidents
Better relations with civil rights leaders
201
What was the ROAR campaign
A movement organised by white parents in Boston to stop bussing
202
How many blacks voted for Carter
90%
203
How many black judges were appointed by Carter
37
204
Why did Carter lack the ability for further measures on civil rights
He lacked popular support, the economic stability seen by the Johnson years and a sympathetic Supreme Court
205
Regents of the University of California v Baake 1978
Began a partial reaction away from affirmative action
206
What were Reagan’s views on civil rights
His views were historically negative, and he opposed legislation by Carter and ford (but came to accept)
207
Reagan appointed less _ than any other president since Eisenhower
Blacks to the federal administration.
208
What reduction caused major grievance for black families under Reagan
The reduction of welfare payments
209
What were blacks high recipients of despite only making up 11.7% of the population
Aid to families with dependent children, housing subsidies and food stamps
210
Why were blacks unable to prosper in society post 1983
They had become trapped in a poverty cycle at the bottom of society
211
What did Reagan believe shouldn’t be sacrificed
Judicial merit in favor of a more statistically representative legal profession
212
What did the judicial appointment of Rehnquist mean
More cautious interpretations of civil rights legislation
213
Why was Reagan often forced to accept change
Due to a more liberal congress
214
What action by and old segregationist show about public opinion
Thurmand accepted a renewal of the voting rights act, showing public opinion had changed
215
What was passed despite Reagan’s veto
Civil rights restoration act
216
What did Bush stigmatize his democrat challenger for
Being soft on (frequently black) crime
217
What did Bush veto
A civil rights bills which made it easier to challenge job discrimination as a ‘quota measure’ before later allowing it
218
How many of Bush’s judicial appointments were from racial minorities
6.9%
219
Which of bush’s appointments was a cunning political move
The appointment of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, a conservative, republican, black lawyer
220
Who became mayor of Chicago in 1983
Harold Washington
221
Why was getting elected in the north a bigger challenge
The percentage of black people was smaller
222
Which party relied on black voters
Democrats
223
How did the political involvement of blacks improve the position of African Americans
Didn’t necessarily produce improved conditions for African Americans except for a minority of wealthy blacks who benefited from the general economic prosperity
224
What was the advantage of greater access to public office cancelled out by
Financial and political constraints
225
What did the low turnout of black voters suggest
That poor blacks remained alienated from a system which they believed offered them little
226
Who took over the SCLC in 1977
Lowery, a church minister from kings generation and ensured traditions of the organization were carried out
227
What element of the NAACP continued
Legislative traditions
228
What were the leaders of NAACP accused of
Not being sufficiently in though with poor black America
229
How far had NAACP membership fallen by 1977
To 200,000
230
Jesse Jackson
Growing reputation put him in position of leadership, and his Christian basis, style of speaking and overall programme reflected the King era
231
What did Jesse have two chances at
Becoming a party nominee for presidency - 1984 and 1988
232
What was Jesse Jackson’s strategy
To persuade disillusioned African Americans to have faith in the existing political system
233
Who did Jesse Jackson hope to attract
Previously apathetic blacks and those of a more black power persuasion
234
What did Jesse Jackson hope to do
Unite a variety of races into a winning coalition with liberal minded whited who had also become disillusioned with the political system
235
How much of the electorate was made up of blacks due to Jackson’s candidacy
12%
236
How did other civil rights figures perceive Jackson
As an old fashioned throwback to when black ministers told them how to behave and what to believe, which they thought was unnecessary
237
What did most desire to move away from
Individual successes towards a proportional representation of blacks in political life as a whole
238
What did Clinton say he wanted to do during his campaign in 1992
Make his administration ‘look like America’
239
What could African Americans take advantage of
Economic and political opportunities, with many becoming civil servants, bankers, ministers of religion etc
240
What gap widened between 1960-92
The gap between continually high proportion of poor african Americans and the increasing numbers of the upwardly mobile black middle class
241
What had 40% of blacks achieved by the mid 1980s
Acquiring a middle class lifestyle, but another 30% declined into deeper poverty
242
What changed the social environment for African Americans in the inner cities
Cutbacks in welfare and the growth of the illegal drug market
243
What was one result of an increasing black middle class
They moved away from inner city areas, leaving behind a substantial black underclass, poorly educated with nobody to articulate their problems, and class and race began to become linked
244
What was the Rodney king affair
African American Rodney king was stopped for drunk driving in LA, where he resisted arrest and was severely beaten by police
245
What was the outcome of the Rodney king affair
Despite the evidence caught in camera, an all white jury acquitted the policemen who were accused of serious assault
246
What was the impact of the Rodney king affair
A stream of protest erupted in the form of race riots, with over 50 killed and over 2000 injured
247
What was still high by 1992
Threat to law and order through rioting caused by racial grievances
