African Americans Quick Quiz Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
When were the Black Panthers founded?
A
1966
2
Q
What did the Black Panthers emerge in the wake of?
A
1965 Watts Riot
3
Q
By the late 1960s what did the membership of the Black Panthers reach?
A
5,000
4
Q
How big was the Black Panther newspaper circulation?
A
250,000
5
Q
Give 2 main reasons why the Black Panthers achieved little
A
- They were violent - armed self-defence
- They were Communists
6
Q
How often were lynchings in the 1890s?
A
1 every 2 days
7
Q
Give 2 examples of state measures against African American voting
A
- Literacy tests
- Grandfather Clauses
8
Q
Which 2 states received independent powers in the Hayes-Tilden Compromise?
A
- Louisiana
- South Carolina
9
Q
When did Tennessee first segregate rail travel?
A
1881
10
Q
What was the SC case US v Harris 1883 outlining?
A
Private discrimination did not fall under federal jurisdiction
11
Q
By 1960 what % of AA in the South were registered to vote?
A
28%
12
Q
To what % did AA votes increase in Mississippi in 1968?
A
67.5%
13
Q
What happened under Johnson for the first time that allowed significant change to occur (involving the other branches of Federal Government)?
A
The Federal Government was united to tackle the racist South
14
Q
How many lynchings took place across Eisenhower’s presidency?
A
12
15
Q
When was the death (lynching) of Emmett Till?
A
1955
16
Q
Give an example to why the 1954 Brown v Board ruling was not significant enough to improve the position on segregation
A
- Opposition visible at Little Rock high school 1957
- The need for further rapid desegregation of schools Alexander v Holmes SC 1969
17
Q
What did Executive Order 11578 state? (Nixon)
A
All employers with federal contracts were to draft policies showing the promotion of African American employment
18
Q
What was the reason for greater economic change under Nixon in the 1970s?
A
The extension of Affirmative Action
19
Q
What did 1971 Griggs v Duke Power allow
A
Affirmative action to avoid implicit workplace discrimination
20
Q
How many jobs did the New Deal create for AAs?
A
1 million
21
Q
In 1935 what % of AA were below the poverty line?
A
45%
22
Q
What SC case allowed the exclusion of AA from registering to vote?
A
Mississippi v Williams
23
Q
In the 1870s how many AA were elected to congress?
A
22
24
Q
In 1947 what % of African Americans were registered to vote?
A
12%
25
What year was Smith v Allright?
1944
26
What SC case gave the rights of citizens to states?
1873 Slaughterhouse Case
27
How many times bigger was the illiteracy rates between AA's and whites?
5x
28
Which AA was killed in 1955 for speaking to a white woman?
Emmett Till
29
By 1915 how many businesses in the south were owned by AA?
30,000
30
When and who founded Tuskegee University?
Booker T Washington
| 1881
31
What did Booker T encourage AA's to increase?
Their money
32
What controversial policy did Booker T agree with?
Segregation
33
What did Booker T not pass any of?
Legislation
34
What year did MLK fail to address the housing crisis and where?
1966
| Chicago: underestimated scale of the issue
35
What years was Jesse Jackson a democratic candidate?
1984 & 1988
36
Name 2 Supreme Court measures NAACP achieved
1944 Smith v Allwright
| 1954 Brown v Board
37
What presidents did Booker T. work with?
- Teddy Roosevelt
| - Taft
38
In 1965 how many voters did Stokely Carmicheal raise and where?
70-> 2600 voters
| In Lowndes County
39
What did Phillip Randolph pressure Truman to do?
Desegregate the army in 1948
40
What economic achievements did Booker T. have?
- Negro Business League 1900
| - 'Dip your buckets' -> improving wealth & education
41
What university did Booker T establish and when?
- Tuskgee University 1881
42
What did Marcus Garvey do to improve economic status of African Americans?
Established the Black Star steamship line
43
What was Martin Luther King's aims in 1966 for economic improvement (+ where)?
Chicago, Marquette Park
| - Aimed to deal with poverty & housing issues.
44
What happened before Selma-Montgomery?
Bloody Sunday
45
By 1913 how many homes did African Americans have?
550,000
46
How did Booker T encourage white American support?
Atlanta 1895:
| Talks to white American audiences & compromises, supporting segregation
47
Who did Phillip Randolph work with?
White sympathisers
48
Malcom X's view on the American Dream
"I don't see an American Dream, I see an American nightmare"
49
What was the aims of the pan-African movement?
Sought to unify and connect people of African descent worldwide.
50
What did Du Bois do?
The Niagra Movement: Set forth foundation for NAACP in 1909
51
By the mid-1980s what % of African American families had acquired middle-class lifestyles?
40%
52
Define bifurcation of African Americans
- Splitting into two economic classes: w/c & m/c
53
What was the AA unemployment rate in 1992?
Nearly twice the national average (around 14%)
54
What were White Citizen's Councils formed in response to?
1954 Brown v Board
55
By 1913 how many AA pupils were in public schools?
1.7 million
56
Garvey's Pan-Africanism quote
'Africa for the Africans home and abroad'
57
Was Garvey a success?
No, his commercial schemes failed and he was imprisoned for fraud
58
What did Phillip Randolph do socially? [2]
- Pressured Roosevelt to end discrimination in the war industries in 1941
- Pressured Truman to end segregation in the armed forces in 1948
59
What did Randolph organise politically?
The March on Washington
60
Who did Randolph work with?
White sympathisers & put pressure on administrations
61
What 3 legislations did MLK get?
- Browder v Gayle 1956
- Civil Rights Act 1964
- Voting Rights Act 1965
62
How many times was MLK arrested?
29
63
What bus boycott does MLK lead?
Alabama-Montgomery bus boycott 55-56
64
What does Malcom X do in congress?
Threatens he's the alternative to Dr. King
65
Who did Malcom X speak to?
Northern AA's - better at motivating the North
66
What did Malcom X argue for economically?
Black control of their own community e.g. black politicians & businesses
67
What hindered Malcom X?
He had less popular support than Garvey at his height
68
What did Stokely Carmicheal raise AA voters from and where?
70 to 2600 voters in 1965
| Lowndes County
69
When did Carmicheal become President of the Black Panthers?
1967
70
What movement did Carmicheal support?
Pan-African movement
71
How many black Congressmen were in South Carolina between 1867-77?
8
72
What did Andrew Johnson establish?
Black codes - de facto slavery
73
Who was the Governor of Little Rock and what did he do?
Orval Faubus - in 1957 prevented 9 black students from entering school
74
Who was the Police Chief at Birmingham 1963 and what did he do?
'Bull' Connor - used fire houses & attack dogs against CHILDREN
75
What did Southern states do after 1877?
Little or nothing to control violence against AA's or stop lynchings
76
How many deaths were there in the run up to the 1868 Louisiana election?
200 deaths due to KKK
77
Who did the KKK attack in the 1860s?
Members of the Freedmen's Bureau & those who attempted to vote
78
What was KKK membership in Tennessee in 1871?
40,000
79
What film caused the rebirth of the KKK?
'The Birth of a Nation' - portrayed the Klan as heroic
80
What did KKK membership reach in 1924?
Peaked at 6 million
81
Why did KKK membership decline in 1930s
Due to sexual scandal involving the Grand Wizard
82
What happened to the KKK in 1950s
Various groups used the name & some methods, but it ceased to be a mass organisation
83
What did the KKK do in 1961?
Some members attacked the Freedom Riders
84
When was the last lynching and what happened to the perpetrators?
Michael Donal 1981
| Perpetrators given death sentence.
85
Why were the White Citizens' Councils formed
Following 1954 Brown v Board to protest desegregation
86
How many lynchings were there between 1885 and 1917?
2700
87
What happened to the murderers of Emmett Till in 1955?
They were acquitted
88
In 1991 what did LA police do?
Beat Rodney King
89
Who was Governor at Birmingham 1963?
George Wallace
90
What did Reagan do to hinder progress?
Begin removing support for Civil Rights
Rehnquist Supreme Court 1986
91
What was George Wallace's inaugural speech?
'Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever' 1963
92
What did Grant (1869-77) do?
Used federal troops and authority to support Reconstruction
93
What did Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) do?
Did little for civil rights: Praised KKK for defending Southern rights after the Civil War
94
What New Deal reforms helped AA's
- Civilian Conservation Corps
- Federal Emergency Relief Administration
- Public Works Administration
95
What executive order did Truman do?
1948 order against segregation in armed forces
96
What acts did Eisenhower pass?
- Civil Rights Act 1957 & 1960 reaffirming AA right to vote
97
Who was the first AA Supreme Court justice appointed by Johnson?
Thurgood Marshall
98
What organisations gained the Civil Rights Act & Voting Rights Act?
SCLC, SNCC and CORE
99
What did the Civil Rights Acts 1957, 1960 do?
Set the right to vote down in Law - largely ignored by the South
100
Why was civil rights progress maintained politically in the 1980s?
Due to a liberal 1980s Congress
101
What did 1980s Congress do?
Strengthened the Voting Rights Act 1982 with stronger penalties against discrimination
102
Why weren't organisations needed post 60s?
Momentum had already started and continued due to changing society
103
What boycott did the NAACP help organize?
1955 Montgomery, Alabama boycott with Rosa Parks
104
What were the militant organisations?
- Black Panthers
- Nation of Islam
- SNCC-post 65
105
Why did militant organisations fail?
Hindered progress due to their militant approach causing white backlash
106
When were the SCLC established?
1957
107
How did Stokely Carmichael change the SNCC?
In 1965 He expelled all white members from staff positions.
108
What happened to the SCLC once MLK died
It fizzled out - shows his individual improant
109
What policies did Nixon do economically?
Affirmative Action
| Agreed to busing
110
What did the NAACP do in 1917?
Prevented the enforced segregation of African Americans into seperate residential districts
111
When was CORE founded?
1942
112
What did CORE introduce?
Freedom Rides in 1947
113
What was CORE dominated with?
White members
114
What did CORE achieve with Kennedy?
1961 Kennedy authorised the desegregation on interstate transport
115
How many people were at March on Washington 1963?
250,000
116
What date was Bloody Sunday?
7th March 1965
117
Who led Bloody Sunday march?
SNCC
118
How long did the Selma marches last?
7-25th March 1965
119
What did Operation Breadbasket become?
Operation PUSH
120
What was Operation PUSH?
Weekly meetings in Chicago to expand business ties
121
What was 1898 Williams v Mississippi?
It upheld African American disenfranchisement
122
What SC case did 1965 US v Mississippi overrule?
1898 Williams v Mississippi
123
What was the 1873 Slaughterhouse case?
14th Amendment undermined, states individually could decide rights
124
What did Jesse Jackson want to achieve socially?
Unity between all Civil Rights groups
125
What did Phillip Randolph do economically?
Led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - pushed for better pay
126
What did W.E.B Du Bois say would lead African Americans to prosperity?
The 'Talented Tenth' would lead AA's to equality
127
Did Du Bois lead to any gains?
By 1913 AA's owned 550,000 homes.
128
What was the result of the 1933 National Industry Recovery Act?
550,000 AA were fired, not classed as skilled workers
