After Midterm Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Intersectionality theory
A
Health experience is defined by multiple influencing factors
-identities are diverse
-unique experiences
2
Q
Intersectional paradigm
A
Multiple experiences
-many different forms of discrimination and oppression
-how those experiences affect each other
3
Q
What impacts peoples intersectionality
A
Power structures and historical placements
4
Q
Health benefits associated with education
A
More educated = fewer health risks
-higher wages
-lower rates of risk behaviour
-lower rates of disease
5
Q
Self assessed health is used as an index of
A
Morbidity and a predictor of mortality
6
Q
Health literacy
A
Complex set of abilities needed to understand
-alphabet, numbers, visual cues
-critical judgments in relation to health
7
Q
Functional health literacy
A
Understand oral and written health care issues
-written and numerical directions
-ask questions
-report past medical history
-contribute to problem solving
8
Q
Patient empowerment and health literacy equals
A
Better healthcare outcomes
9
Q
Statistics on low health literacy
A
60% of adults unable to understand and act upon health information and make appropriate health decisions
10
Q
Effects of low health literacy
A
-unable to get professional health when ill (23%)
-don’t know when to seek a second opinion from another doctor (54%)
11
Q
People with low literacy are less likely to
A
-identify their own medications
-how to take medications
-side effects
-understand warning labels
12
Q
Three levels of literacy
A
-basic
-communicative
-critical
13
Q
Health numeracy
A
The degree which individuals have the capacity to understand health information and make effective decisions
14
Q
Functional categories of health numeracy
A
-basic
-computational
-analytical
-statistical
15
Q
Basic literacy
A
Reading and writing
16
Q
Communicative health literacy
A
Social skills for participation
-extracting a meaning
17
Q
Critical health literacy
A
Analyze information
-have control over life experiences
18
Q
Basic health numeracy
A
Make sense of quantitative data
-how many pills
-find phone number
19
Q
computational health numeracy
A
Simple manipulation of numbers
-nutritional labels
-payment
20
Q
Analytical health numeracy
A
Inference, estimate
-determining cholesterol levels
-basic graphs
21
Q
Statistical health numeracy
A
Understanding biostatistics
-life expectancy
-preference treatment based on benefits and side effects
22
Q
Expectations of health numeracy is increasing
A
-responsibilities of consumer in prevention
-self assessments
-self treatment
-health care use
23
Q
Red flags for low literacy
A
-missed appointments
-incomplete registration forms
-noncompliance with medication
-medicine names
-incoherent medical history
-no questions
-no follow through
24
Q
REALM
A
Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine
-no listening test or understanding
-asses ability to read, estimate literacy level
25
NVS
Newest vital sign
-simplest mathematical, how many can occur
26
TOFHLA
Extensive, takes long time
27
Health literacy strategies
Teach back and ask me three
28
Teach back
Plain language
-most important
-simple
-rephrase
-teach us back
29
Ask me 3
Cover 3 main problems
-main problem
-what to do
-why
30
How are families changing
-fewer people having kids
-adoption
-gender and marriage
-blended families
31
Early childhood is important as it affects
-brain development
-emotional and social skills
-protist and manage stress
32
Factors of childhood development
-health
-nutrition
-strong octal supports
-stimulating interaction
33
Share the focus
Notice serves
34
Support and encourage
-affirmation (words and physical)
-helping
-playing with
35
Name it
-language connection
-understanding
36
Take turns
-self control
-getting along (waiting for them to develop ideas and confidence)
37
Ending and beginning
-putting down toy
-ready to end and do something new
-child takes lead
38
Serves
Shows interest
39
returns
Your response
40
Factors that contribute to positive child outcomes
-adequate income
-effective parenting
-supportive environment
41
Risks of healthy child development
-poverty
-inadequate care giving
-child abuse
42
Neglect
-creates stress
-biological synapse destruction
-lack of child’s needs
-the serve and return is broken
43
5 methods of child serve and return
1. Share the focus
2. Support and encourage
3. Name it
4. Take turns
5. Ending and beginning
44
Occasional attention
-beneficial
-creates independence
45
Chronic under stimulation
-regular basis lack of interaction
-bad
46
Severe neglect (family)
-basic need not met on top of others
47
Severe neglect (institutional)
Temporary care or orphanage
-new people every 8 hours
48
Latency effects
-exposure at one point
-effects later
Example: low birth weight causes cardiovascular disease
Example: drinking and smoking during pregnancy
49
Pathway effects
-sequences of exposures
-lead to probability later
Example: divorce of parents, schooling decreases, jobs later
50
Cumulative effects
-multiple exposures
-longer and more likely
-could create sense of inefficacy or learned helplessness
51
Attachment connection
-specific sensory stimuli
-responsible for socioemotional communication and bonding
-physical and emotional
52
Important principles for aging
-aging well in place
-social inclusion
-upstream approach
53
Aging in place
-supported accommodation
-positive attitude, fit and healthy, engaged socially
-prefer to live at home
54
Percentage of Canadian older adults at risk of becoming socially isolated
30%
55
Risk factors for social isolation
-80 years or older
-chronic illnesses
-rural living
-indigenous backgrounds
-lack of transportation
-poor mobility
-living alone
-limited contact
-reduced income
56
Upstream approach for aging
-national income care plan
-enhanced caregiver support
-community based care
-safe, affordable housing and transportation
-reduce communication barriers
-palliative approach
57
Ageism
-dehumanizing
-stereotype
-prejudice
Based on age
58
1800s urban planning and health
-industrialization
-crowded, dirty, full of epidemics
-slums holding a lot of disease
59
John snow
-discovered the cause of cholera (water pump)
-beginning of epidemiology
60
History of urban planning 1900s
-germ theory
-biomedical
-focus on pathogens as cause for disease
-less focus on environmental causes
61
History of urban planning post WII
-moved away from disease
-new areas
-district areas of practice
-promoting economic growth
62
20th century urban planning
-separating residential, commercial and industrial use
-population concentration is unhealthy
-suburbia and increase dependence on automobiles
63
21st century urban planning health issues
-traffic fatalities
-respiratory/cardiac illness
-physical inactivity
-air pollution
64
Urban planning 21st century
-focus on mixed use planning
-non automobile options
65
Alberta urban planning
-denser urban
-affordable housing
-nutrition access
-improved transportation options
66
Core hosing need
-living in an unsuitable
-unaffordable
67
Race
A social construct
-distinct biological traits between groups of people
68
racism
False beliefs
-one racial group os superior to another
69
Radicalization
Social process by which racial categories are constructed as real
-social, economic, political, health problems
70
Critical race theory
Racial system that relegates people of colour to the bottom tiers
71
Whiteness
Process and practices that are consistently afforded to white people
-basic rights, perspectives
72
Structural racism
Role of structures such as laws, that influence racism
73
Systemic racism
Involvement of whole systems
-political, legal, economic
74
Eurocentrism
Worldview centered on western civilization
75
Visible minorities
People other than aboriginal people, who are non-Caucasian in race or non white in colour
76
Canadas visible minority population is
Increasing
Canada is ethically diverse
77
Healthy immigrant effect
-better health and lower mortality rates
78
Refugees and health
-vulnerable population
-separated from family and lost a lot of possessions
79
Cultural competence
Skill sets working w/ ppl from other cultures
-self reflect first
80
Cultural safety
Recognizing the social, historical, political that create power differences and inequalities
-reflect on own culture identity
81
Cultural humility
Patient is the expert at who they are
-interpersonal
-addressing power imbalances
82
Provisions of culturally safe health care
-diverse staff
-acknowledge racism
-training about cultures
83
Culturally safe healthcare
-role of systemic racism and how it shapes encounters
-examine all services
84
Indigneous ppl and visible minority have barriers to access
For healthcare, including racism
85
There are many views of…
Health, healthcare and healthcare personnel
86
Two essential pieces that healthcare providers need to incorporate
-cultural safe care
-cultural humility
87
Stress definition
-perceived lack of control
-excitability, can be physically measured
-aversive
88
Internal stress
Hunger, infection, fever
89
Stressors
Events that activate stress response systems
90
External stress
Motivational prompts for writing an exam, personal events, illness, natural disasters
91
Good stress
Promotes productivity
-euphoric
92
Bad stress
Out of control, you feel like a victim
-distress
93
Physical stress
Stressors in environment
94
Psychological stress
React when threatened
-whether or not the threat is real or not
95
Psychosocial stress
From interpersonal relationships
-conflict with people
-isolation
96
Distress categories
-work, family
-acute or chronic
-trauma, crisis, daily hassles
97
Hassles
Argument, sick kids, not enough time
-continuous series of small tragedies
98
Key to good health (stress)
Turn bad stress into good stress
99
Endocrine system and stress (two pieces)
-catecholamines
-corticosteroids
100
Catecholamines and stress
Adrenaline, norepinephrine (from adrenal gland)
-inc heart rate, blood vessels constrict
101
Corticosteroids and stress
Cortisol
-suppresses immune system, weight increase
102
Stress and health
Shortens telemeres
-disturb gut
103
‘Pregnancy and stress
more adverse outcomes
-neonatal death
-low birth weight
-low min apgar
104
Cardiovascular disease and stress
Emotional stressors can lead to cardiovascular disease in humans
105
Infectious disease and stress
Inc instances of infectious disease during exam periods
106
Chronic stress affect
Organ and system functions at multiple levels
107
Hans selves conceptualization of stress
Stress is the point at which the organisms ability to perform easily is exceeded by the demands put on it
108
Selye’s General adaption syndrome
1. Alarm (fight or flight/cheeks red)
2. Resistance (attempts to relieve)
3. Exhaustion (stress is too much, physical impacts)
109
Alarm reaction
-stressors disturbs homeostasis
-fight or flight
-immune system suppressed
110
Resistance
After alarm system, parasympathetic kicks in
-inc immune system
111
Exhaustion
-body is at its limits
-diverse health consequences appear
112
Stress buffers
-time management
-exercise
-sleep
-social connection`
113
Stress is due to
-individual factors
-behavioural factors
-lifestyle factors
114
First ways to protect self from stress
-face stress head on
-make it tangible
115
Transactional model of stress
-stress is a process
-cognitive appraisal
Meaning of an event is different for everyone
-ones experience to how they deal with stress
116
Four steps of transactional model of stress
-stressor
-primary appraisal
-secondary appraisal
-coping response
117
Emotion based coping
Regulating the emotion tied to the stressful situation
-changing emotions with situations
118
Cognitive appraisal
How we think about something
119
Problem based coping
Incompetent to deal with the stressor
-problem solving the situation
120
Locus of control
Sense of control about things
-internal, external
121
Internal locus of control
Self affirmed
YOU MAKE THINGS HAPPEN
122
External locus of control
THINGS HAPPEN TO ME
123
Sources of control
Upbringing and beliefs, support system, preparation
124
Learned helplessness
Learned belief there is nothing one can do to improve a bad situation
-very powerful to health
-low self esteem
125
Influence of control on health
Greater sense of control, less risk of illness
-poor control more likely
126
Resilience
Children learn to flourish despite conflict and challenges
-process and outcome
127
Resilience and attachment theory
Importance of mother-infant relationships
-protects child later on in life
128
Resilient personality
Certain personality traits boost immunity
-self esteem
-optimism
-sociability
-confidence
129
Family resisliance
Ability of a family to respond positively to an adverse event
-value spirituality
-flexible and connected
-communicate well
-openly express emotions
130
How can we help patients/clients with their coping
-personality (effective coping skills)
-social supports
-self help groups
131
Culture and stress
Different cultures experience specific stressors more than others
132
Spirituality and religious beliefs and stress
Effective in helping individuals cope
-enhance immune system
-sense of well being
133
Protection motivation theory
Teach salients beliefs about health and stress can impact end results and success
134
Emotional intelligence
-self awareness
-self regulation
-motivation
-empathy
-social skills
135
Why does emotional intelligence matter
-protect against trauma
-work wellness
-cope with stress
