after midterm-moon

Question 1

how can size perception be ambiguous?

Answer 1

large, distant objects can have same retinal image size as smaller, nearer objects

Question 2

retinal image size is measured in terms of

Answer 2

visual angle (thumb at arms length ~ 2 degrees)

Question 3

distal stimulus

Answer 3

real, physical stimulus (e.g. actual height of the people)

Question 4

proximal stimulus

Answer 4

information available to our sensory receptors (e.g. retinal image); not distal stimulus

Question 5

visual angle gets __ as object moves closer to eye

Answer 5

larger

Question 6

when distal stimulus is constant, proximal stimulus ___ when stimulus moves

Answer 6

changes

Question 7

judgement based on proximal or distal size when deciding if tower or flower pot taller?

Answer 7

distal size (cuz proximal size is same in the photo)

Question 8

size constancy

Answer 8

ability to see an object as unchanged in size despite change in retinal image size as object moves; familiarity contributes

Question 9

size-distance scaling

Answer 9

when we (unconsciously) estimate an object’s distance & size, then adjust our perception of size to be consistent with our distance judgment

Question 10

Bayes’ theorem

Answer 10

mathematical model of how prior knowledge can influence estimates of the probability of a current event; in vision, predicts how visual system decides what you see (e.g. pennies)

Question 11

bite out of penny least likely cuz

Answer 11

have to explain through accidental viewpoint

Question 12

prior probability as applied to purple/green rectangle with B on top

Answer 12

probability that a particular stimulus ever happens regardless of what we are looking at (part of Bayes’ theorem); (full letter placed on top rather than divided in half)

Question 13

observation consistency as applied to purple/green rectangle with B on top

Answer 13

hypotheses A & C more consistent with observation (both end up with B on top)

Question 14

Emmert’s Law

Answer 14

perceived size = retinal image size * perceived distance

Question 15

T/F: someone without stereopsis can’t experience the big/small monster illusion

Answer 15

false; since this is flat and relies on pictorial depth cues, can see this in one eye (no binocular disparity)

Question 16

when burning image of circle onto retina, afterimage appears smaller on close surface compared to wall because

Answer 16

perceived size = retinal image size * perceived distance; proximal stimulus is the same so it looks bigger further away than closer

Question 17

when cues to distance are removed, size constancy fails which means that size perception is based more on _____ ___ alone

Answer 17

proximal size

Question 18

what does Emmert’s law predict on Holway & Boring (1941) experiment (circle matching)

Answer 18

small (large) test circles match to small (large) test circles

Question 19

physical size: in emmert’s law, perceived size based on

Answer 19

perceived distance

Question 20

visual angle: perceived size based on

Answer 20

proximal size only

Question 21

size constancy fails when

Answer 21

few distance cues, objects too far away to judge distance (sun & moon)

Question 22

size-distance scaling illusions

Answer 22

Ames room, Ponzo illusion (horizontal lines between vertical/diagonal lines), moon illusion, Muller-Lyer illusion

Question 23

size-distance scaling explanation of Ames room

Answer 23

smaller vs larger proximal size of people, peephole removes depth cues, linear perspective cues to distort room, both corners appear same distance away;
-perceived size = proximal size (no perceived distance)

Question 24

size-distance scaling explanation of Ponzo illlusion

Answer 24

same proximal size; depth cues and flanking lines make top one look further away; perceived size = perceived distance (no proximal size)

Question 25

size-distance scaling explanation of moon illusion

Answer 25

distal size, distance & proximal size of moon are constant; lack of depth cues make moon look closer & thus smaller overhead; perceived size = perceived distance (not proximal size)

Question 26

if look at moon through peephole, then

Answer 26

illusion goes away

Question 27

size-distance scaling explanation of Muller-Lyer illusion

Answer 27

vertical line looks closer and perceived shorter; vertical line looks farther and perceived longer (explains moon illusion); perceived size = (not proximal size?) perceived distance?

Question 28

problems with size-distance scaling explanations for Ponzo, Moon, & Muller-Lyer illusions

Answer 28

-elements misperceived as larger do not usually look farther away -depth cues do not always cause us to misperceive size

Question 29

tilt constancy theory

Answer 29

tilted flanking lines make ends of bottom horizontal line look closer together than top horizontal line (vertical line should tilt the opposite direction as the tilted lines)

Question 30

tilt constancy theory can better explain ___ illusion

Answer 30

Ponzo

Question 31

conflicting cues theory

Answer 31

can't isolate parts from whole figure; arrowheads included in size judgment (muller-lyer)

Question 32

conflicting cues theory can better explain ___ illusion

Answer 32

Muller-Lyer

Question 33

T/F: depth reversal illusion not related to size-distance scaling illusions

Answer 33

true

Question 34

depth reversal illusion demonstrate _____ influences on depth perception

Answer 34

top-down