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Greek and Roman Mythology > After the midterm > Flashcards

After the midterm Flashcards

1
Q

• Myth

A

a traditional story with collective importance.
o Has plot, narrative, beginning middle, and end with characters.
o The time and place are either in far away places or long ago in a place nearby.
o Usually orally handed over. Which maintains future relationship with the past.
o Describe how people should act, and how people and things came to be in the first place.
o Anonymous no one knows who came up with it first.
o Subject to constant change.

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2
Q

• Logos

A

A non-anonymous myth with an actual writer.

o A reasoned logical explanation of something with a logical sequence of events, and proof.

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3
Q

• Divine Myth

A

Supernatural beings are the main characters.
o Usually explain the why the world is the way it is.
o Function as science

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4
Q

• Legends

A

Great men doing great deeds or actions.
o Usually the stories of human past.
o Morally uplifting
o Most likely these heroes and heroines actually lived in the Late Bronze Age- Mycenaean

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5
Q

• Folktale

A

Ordinary people or animals.
o Justify patterns of behavior
o Mostly just for entertainment and not true
o Occur in specific Patterns and Specific Types

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6
Q

• Etiological Tale

A

explains causes that brought world to existence.

o “Science” to the Greeks, was controlled by the Gods Human like emotions and unpredictability.

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7
Q

• 4 Approaches to studying Myth

A

o Recording and Compiling of a given culture’s myth.
o The study of how one culture’s myth is related to that of another’s.
o The analysis of the impact a culture’s myths have within a culture.
o Analysis of the lasting human impact of a myth or group of myths

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8
Q

• Boeotia

A

A plane in Balkan Peninsula that housed Thebes

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9
Q

• Attica

A

Plain that housed Athens

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10
Q

• Peloponnesus

A

a plain that was connected to the Balkan by a stretch of land called Isthmus

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11
Q

• Laconia

A

Sparta

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12
Q

• Euboea

A

land not far from Athens with Limestone and clay for pottery

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13
Q

• Aegean Sea

A

Centrally important to Greek life for imports and source of food.

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14
Q

• Cyclades

A

Island that housed Delphos, sacred island to Artemis and Apollo

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15
Q

• Stone Age

A

7000B.C.-6000B.C. only known that people lived in Greece not much is known about them

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16
Q

• New Stone Age

A

6000 B.C.- 3000 B.C. rudimentary agriculture was practiced, and people lived inside of walled communities with pottery

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17
Q

• Early/Middle Bronze Age

A

3000- 1600 B.C. mainland were farmers whose race and language are unknown that worshipped fertility goddesses. Cretans are the ones known.
o Minoans inhabited Greece
o Bull, double axe, and labyrinth were important symbols.
o Built non-walled palaces
o Indo European Language probably influenced all European Language
o 2100 B.C. Greek people invaded Greece

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18
Q

• Late Bronze Age

A

1600- 1150B.C.
o Bronze weapons, loved war, ruled by kings, walled palace.
o Mycenaean civilization takes over Minoan civilization
o Linear B existed, but not used for literature, but economic accounts
o Linear B was destroyed by fire, and lost forever which prompted Dark Age.

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19
Q

• Dark Age

A

1150 B.C.-800 B.C. Not much archaeological remains

o Mycenaeans were destroyed by the Dorians, except in Athens

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20
Q

• Archaic Period

A

-800-480 B.C. characterized by Greek alphabet
o Polis emerged as center of politics.
o Coinage was invented
o Commerce thrived
o Kakoi-merchants vs. traditional wealth aristoi
o Tyrants ruled the cities, but aristocrats ruled culture
o Persian threat grew

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21
Q

• Classical Period

A

480-323 B.C.- characterized by democracy philosophy and science, with logical consequences and rational reasoning
o Battle of Thermopylae 300 Spartans fought off the Persians.
o Although city States remained one country by similar language and culture.
o Peloponnesian war ended the peace in Greece Sparta beat Athens after 10 years of war.

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22
Q

• Hellenistic Period

A

323-30 B.C.
o King Phillip over ran the city states
o Alexander inherited lands and instantly took control of huge empire from Persians all the way into India.
o Alexandria was center of the world, and Greek culture dominated the world.
o Rome conquered Greece by 30 BC ending this era

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23
Q

• Roman period

A

30 B.C. to 1453 A.D. the Romans almost perfectly preserved, and passed on Greek culture.

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24
Q

• Hoplites

A

heavily armed soldiers

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25
Q

• Parthenos

A

Virgin

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26
Q

• Narcissus

A

character who fell in love with himself by looking at himself in the reflection of the lake, and fell in and drowned. Flower named Narcissus

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27
Q

• Artemis Pontia Theron

A

Lady of the Beasts, one of the earliest sculptures ever found goddess of fertility

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28
Q

• Aoidoi

A

singers that sung the myths to a large audience, which helped the myths being passed on to later generations.
o Homer and Hesiod are the most famous

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29
Q

• Mesopotamia

A

Land Between Rivers

o Many important myths such as the battle between old gods and new, and the biblical flood story came from Mesopotamia.

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30
Q

• Sumerians

A

People that inhabited Mesopotamia that invented irrigation agriculture, and established first city-states with up to 50000 inhabitants.
o Build Ziggurats for their Kings and Queens
o Cuneiform was the first ever style of writing, and was able to be translated into several different languages

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31
Q

• An

A

Sumerian God of the sky. Started out with all of the power then became very insignificant parallel to Uranus.

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32
Q

• Inanna

A

Queen of heaven and An’s daughter. Goddess of sexual love. Essentially Aphrodite. Sumerian.

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33
Q

• Enlil

A

A king, An’s agent on Earth. God of the storm. Possessed tablet of destiny, so he controlled the fates of humans and weather. Parallel to Zeus. Controlled thunder and lightning. Sumerian

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34
Q

• Enki

A

A Sumerian Hermes, very tricky, and clever. Also good craftsmen, god of groundwater, and god of wisdom. Somewhat like Poseidon, Hephaestus, and Prometheus

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35
Q

• Ki

A

Earth/ mother goddess. Similar to Demeter. Sumerian

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36
Q

• Ereshkigal

A

Sumerian goddess of death. Similar to Persephone. Sumerian

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37
Q

• Semites

A

semi-nomadic people that inhabited the steppe at the fringes of the Arabian Desert. Not united, but are descendants of Noah’s three sons Aram, Eber, and Ashur.

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38
Q

• Akkadians

A

adopted the Sumerian culture after they took it over

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39
Q

• Hebrews

A

Semitics that traced their ancestors back to Abraham.
o Followed Yahweh only after Moses led them out of Egypt.
o Greek alphabet developed from their Phoenician writing

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40
Q

• Hittites

A

Ruled Asia Minor and sort of adopted Sumerian myths in Late Bronze Age

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41
Q

• Egyptian

A

murder of Osiris and marriage to Isis.

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42
Q

• Homer

A

earliest written and recorded myths, Iliad and Odyssey. Wrote Epic poetry.

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43
Q

• Epic

A

a type of tragic poetry that was very long

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44
Q

• Hesiod

A

Tells a bit about himself, writes about the origin of gods and the universe. Creation Myth

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45
Q

• Homeric Hymns

A

poems about Apollo, Hermes, Aphrodite, and Demeter that circle around the Trojan War

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46
Q

• Humanism

A

ethics on how to treat fellow humans that really weren’t described by any of the mythical texts

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47
Q

• Choral song

A

memorized songs while children danced.

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48
Q

• Three Tragedy Writers

A

o Aeschylus- 7 of his 80 plays survive. Used myth to describe conflict between individual will and divine destiny, his characters embodies some principle. Lived at Athens peak of great glory.
o Sophocles- Cultural dominance of Athens. 7 of 123 plays survive. Dignity of humans compared to divine beings. In all of his plays an oracle predicts an unexpected outcome that is ignored by the hero. They always learn too late how to act.
o Euripides- 19 out of the 80 plays he wrote survive. Showed men as they really are. Subjected traditional myths to serious scrutiny.

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49
Q

• Tragedy

A

Song meant to be heard not read, written with characters that have a flaw and usually die because of this flaw

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50
Q

• Apollonius of Rhodes

A

wrote the epic poem Jason and the Argonauts.

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51
Q

• Library of Apollodorus

A

A straightforward account of all that ever happened in myth from the very beginning of creation until the death of Odysseus

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52
Q

• Vergil

A

wrote the Aeneid- the story of how Rome was founded. Gives most descriptive view of underworld

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53
Q

• Ovid

A

a very famous witty Roman poet until he was exiled for a sexual scandal with the house of Augustus Caesar.
o Wrote Metamorphoses, which is a large body of Greek myths tied together by change of shape.

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54
Q

• Cosmogony

A

A story that tells the origins of the universe.

o Hesiod

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55
Q

• Theogony

A

A story that tells the origin of the gods

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56
Q

• Chaos

A

The first primordial being that popped into existence. Chasm.
o Gave birth to Erebus (darkness) and Nyx (Night)
o Possibly a gap from which the rest of the universe came through

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57
Q

• Gaea

A

The Earth.
o Mother of Uranus (sky), Mountains, Pontus (sea)
o With Tartarus gave birth to Typhoeus
o With Uranus gave birth to the Titans, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes and from Uranus blood, Erinyes (responsible for punishing those who commit crimes against their family), the Giants and the nymphs.

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58
Q

• Tartarus

A

some place beneath the Earth.

o Father of Typhoeus with Gaea

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59
Q

• Eros

A

Gog of love makes people fall for each other.
o Eros fell in love with Psyche when he accidentally scratched himself with an arrow, which was supposed to make Psyche fall in love with something hideous.
o People worshipped Psyche instead of Aphrodite.

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60
Q

• Titans

A

the second generation of gods.

o Cronus, Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Pheobe, Tethys

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61
Q

• Cyclopes

A

the brutal violent but talented craftsmen of the gods. Had one eye.
o Gave Zeus Thunder and Lightning

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62
Q

• Hecatonchires

A

had 100 arms, 50 heads most hated by Uranus.

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63
Q

• Cronus

A

last Titan born, but King of the Titans, hated his father.
o Cuts off his fathers genitals with a steel sickle in order to be born
o Is father to the 12 Olympian gods after the titanomachy he loses power

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64
Q

• Uranus

A

locked in perpetual sexual embrace with Gaea and father of the Titans.

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65
Q

• Oceanus

A

The river that flows around the entire world, and all of the fresh water in the entire world
o With Tethys gave birth to all of the Oceanids

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66
Q

• Rhea

A

Mother/grandmother to all of the 12 Olympians. Wife of Cronus.
o Had the 6 sons and daughters.
o Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, Hera

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67
Q

• Hyperion

A

The sun god and father of Helius a better-known sun god.
o Also father of Selene (the moon) had only one love but had 50 kids with Endymion, and Zeus put him in perpetual sleep so that he would never grow old.
o Father to Eos (the dawn)- had many love affairs but the one with the Trojan prince Tithonus, whom she loved the most. Asked Zeus to let him live forever, which he let happen, but he aged until he didn’t want to live anymore.

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68
Q

• Phaethon

A

son of Helius that tried and failed to drag the son across the sky for a day. Died.

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69
Q

• Erinyes

A

frightful female spirits that haunt anyone who commits a familial crime.

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70
Q

• Aphrodite

A

born from the foam of Uranus’s genitals. She was the goddess of beauty, and sexual love. She was first seen in Cythera

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71
Q

• Gaea and Typhon had many offspring most were monsters

A

o Harpies
o Sirens- sang sailors to their rocky drowning death
o Sphinx- a lion headed winged human
o Gorgon- snakes for hair
o Gerion- 3 bodies joined at waste- enemy of Hercules
o Orthus- 2 headed dog that belonged to Gerion
o Echidna snake for legs
o Cerberus- 50 headed dog that guarded Hell
o Hydra- 7 heads
o Chimera- lion with the head of a lion and a goat also snake for a tail

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72
Q

• Thetis

A

Daughter of Nereus, a Nereid, and mother of Achilles. Could change shape like her father

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73
Q

• Titanomachy

A

Battle of the Olympians versus the Titans
o Prometheus and Themis sided with Olympians
o Zeus made Cronus vomit out his other siblings, after being raised by Nymphs, drinking goat mils, and eating honey from a bee. Corybantes hid Zeus’ crying by banging on their shields.
o Lasted ten years
o Only ended when Zeus freed the Cyclopes and the Hecatonchires and got their help.
o In gratitude the Cyclopes made Zeus thunder and lightning
o With their help Zeus blasted the Titans into the Tartarus where Uranus had the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes imprisoned.

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74
Q

• Atlas

A

a Titan that did not get sent to Tartarus, but did get sentenced to hold up the heavens for all eternity.

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75
Q

• Typhoeus

A

Hundred serpent heads, eyes shot out flames. Son of Tartarus and Gaea. When died etiology for volcano.

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76
Q

• Succession Myth

A

how one god is outsmarted by another god and is then not king of universe.

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77
Q

• Gigantomachy

A

battle with the giants. Born from Gaea and blood of Uranus genitals.
o Giants represent chaos, and violence while Olympians represent order and civilization.
o Heracles helped in the battle

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78
Q

• Tiamat

A

Babylonian god equivalent to Gaea/ chaos. “primordial” salt water.

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79
Q

• Anu

A

Sky Babylonian

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80
Q

• Ea

A

rest Babylonian- wiseness, Apsu tried to kill younger gods, but was outsmarted by Ea who gave birth to Marduk the real hero

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81
Q

• Marduk

A

God of Babylon.
o Faced a similar challenge as Olympians when Tiamat grew angry with the young gods and raised an army with Kingu to overthrow them.
o Tiamat fought with Marduk, and Marduk won which gave him total power, and the control over the Tablet of Destiny

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82
Q

• Prometheus

A

The forward thinker/ seer. Helped his cousin Zeus beat the Titans. Created human beings. Son of Iapetus
o Epimetheus is Prometheus’s brother.
o Tricked Zeus by giving men the tender meat wrapped in stomach and gods the shiny fat with bones inside, not bones are to be sacrificed to the Gods.
o Zeus punished mortals by stopping their eternal fire.
o When Prometheus tried to restore their fire by showing them how to make it, Zeus chained him to a rock, and had his eagle pick at his liver once a day for eternity.
o Etiology of how men came to have to do labor, and how livers regenerate.
o Warned Zeus of his fate with Thetis and Zeus swallowed her.
o Freed by Hercules.

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83
Q

• Pandora

A

The first woman who Zeus sent to Epimetheus to be married. She was very beautiful, but was warned by Zeus to never open a box, she couldn’t resist to everything in the world that is bad was released, and the only thing that kept humans going through all of the bad (hope) was also released.

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84
Q

• The Five Races

A

a myth from Hesiod that tells the 5 different ways humans lived on Earth the fifth being the present time.
o 1st generation fashioned of gold didn’t age, labor or have women. When they died they just vanished. Lived when Cronus was king.
o 2nd generation fashioned of silver spent 100 years as infants, but when they finally grew up they only had a short time to live because they were so violent.
o 3rd generation fashioned of bronze extremely brutal and violent. They were born from ash trees.
o 4th generation of heroes some lived at the edge of the world as immortals others dies and went to Hades. A very just and god like generation
o 5th generation of iron labor and warfare

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85
Q

• Lycaon

A

A king who practiced cannibalism and human sacrifice, and caused a universal flood wiping out all people except Deucalion and Pyrrah. Fed his own son to Zeus. Zeus turned him into a werewolf

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86
Q

• Deucalion and Pyrrah

A

husband and wife Deucalion is Prometheus’s son and Pyrrah is Epimetheus and Pandora’s wife. They were both chosen by Zeus to survive the flood. Threw rocks over their heads and repopulated the Earth

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87
Q

• Hellen

A

was their most important son who gave his name to the entire Greek race. He had three sons Dorus he was the founder of the first race of Greeks, Aeolus the second race, and Xuthus who had a son Ion who founded the Ionian race to which the Athenians belonged.

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88
Q

• Eponym

A

The person who gives his name to something, like a flower or the Greek races.

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89
Q

• Zeus

A

Son of Rhea and Cronus, Father of Gods and Men. Married to Hera
o Very strong, stronger than all of the other gods combined.
o Controlled weather
o Aegis was a symbol of Zeus’s power
o Thunder and lightning for weapons
o Eagle was a companion of Zeus, and the bull a symbol and was sacrificed to Zeus.
o God of justice- guarded traditions, and xenia, which is the custom to treat guests as well as you possibly can even if they are complete strangers.
o Was deceived by Hera so she could rile up the Gods against the Trojans
o Married to Metis God of intelligence- ate her and became intelligent
o Married to Themis (things-established)- and had the Horae (seasons), which shoes that the universe is governed by law
o Also father of Moerae with Themis
o Sex with Eurynome an Oceanid had the three graces that accompanied Aphrodite and embodied the things that made men attracted to women
o Mnemosyne (memory) who bore the muses which inspired music and poetry
o Married to Dione in some versions of Greek myth they are together a long time and parents to Aphrodite.

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90
Q

• Aegis

A

A shield that symbolized Zeus’s power, represents a primitive shield made of goat skin and often has snake heads coming out of it.

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91
Q

• Moerae

A

Children of night that represented the dark, implacable destiny of the world. Also said to be Zeus and Themis’ children

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92
Q

• Ganymede

A

the most beautiful Trojan boy prince, that Zeus had a crush on him so he kidnapped him and made him serve as the Olympian cup-bearer

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93
Q

• Hera

A

Zeus’s actual wife. Queen of the Olympians and protector of lawful marriage.
o Cow as sacred animal
o Mother of Ares- war god, hated among gods
o Mother of Eileithyia- protector of child-birth
o Mother of Hebe- a colorless abstraction that represented youth
o Hera, Poseidon and Athena rebelled against Zeus, but he was saved by a hundred-hander.
o Mother of Hephaestus either with Zeus or without Zeus nobody can be sure.
o Hera gets mad at Zeus for cheating, but he is so much stronger than her that there is nothing anybody can do about it

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94
Q

• Poseidon

A

ruler of the sea and makes earthquakes.
o Raped Demeter as a stallion and had a strong horse named Arion that saved the hero Adrastus
o Married the Nereid Amphitrite, and had a son Triton who had the power to calm the seas by blowing his conch shell
o Father of the Cyclops Polyphemus
o Responsible for the deaths of seamen
o Pulled by a chariot of horses or sea monsters over the sea.
o Usually shown with a trident
o Medusa and Poseidon had a thing and bore two children Pegasus and the warrior Chrysaor

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95
Q

• Hades

A

Ruler of the underworld. Called Pluto ironically. Married to Persephone with no kids. Wears a helmet that makes him invisible, and gets borrowed from time to time by heroes and other gods

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96
Q

• Anthropomorphism

A

The idea that gods are shaped like humans, and perform almost every humanly task. The only two excluded are dying and excreting.

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97
Q

• Nymphs

A

almost godlike, but not necessarily immortal lovely ladies that usually embodied some aspect of nature

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98
Q

• Apollo

A

probably Asian minor god that originated in the Dark Age. Son of Zeus and Leto and his twin sister is Artemis
o His arrows bring disease, and he is associated somehow with the sun.
o Trojan priest asked him to avenge his daughter, and he diseased the Greeks for him.
o Was born on Delos
o Apollo fills the same roll as Aoidoi fill for people, for the gods
o Flayed Marsyas alive after he challenged him to a battle of music.
o Slew the Python while establishing the oracle at Delphi
o Tried to sleep with Cassandra
o Tried to sleep with Sibyl at Cumae
o Tried to sleep with Daphne afterwards associated with the Laurel Tree.
o Created the Hyacinth flower from his love of a young boy.
o Father of Asclepius with the mortal Coronis
o Represented order against barbarianism

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99
Q

• Delphi

A

important place where Apollo’s cult lived and there was an oracle through which Apollo gave advice. Dionysus lived there for the coldest three months of the year.

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100
Q

• Delos

A

The floating island that Leto gave birth to Apollo on because Hera forbade the land to let her give birth on any land that sees the light of day

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101
Q

• Pythia

A

The prophetess that worked at the oracle of Delphi

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102
Q

• Cassandra

A

she tried to bargain for foresight and she would sleep with him. Ended up getting foresight and not sleeping with him, so Apollo made it so that she see the future, but when she spoke about it no one would believe her. Tried to warn against the Trojan horse.

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103
Q

• Sibyl at Cumae

A

Apollo failed to woo her so he promised her as many years of life as grains of sand that she could pick up with one hand. Apollo honored the gift even though she did not sleep with him, but she aged into a cicada

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104
Q

• Daphne

A

a nymph who tried to flee Apollo until her father Peneus, a river god, finally had to turn her into a Laurel Tree so that she could escape Apollo

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105
Q

• Hyacinth

A

a beautiful young boy that Apollo loved, was turned into a flower after his death by Apollo after Apollo hit him in the head with a discuss. Zephyr might have killed him with wind.

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106
Q

• Asclepius

A

the son of Apollo who became the best doctor to ever live even able to bring people back from the dead. Carried a staff with a snake woven around it. Raised by the centaur Chiron.

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107
Q

• Coronis

A

a girl Apollo got pregnant, but while she was pregnant slept with a mortal man. Crow saw and told Apollo, who at first did not believe the crow so he turned him black, later found out the truth and made the crow the sacred bringer of bad news.

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108
Q

• Hermes

A

son of Zeus and Maia, protector of the travelers and commerce. Messenger god
o Named after Herms, which are stone piles that protect travelers.
o Carried a caduceus, which is a staff that has two snakes copulating wound around it.
o Plays the role of psychopompos
o Named the slayer of Argus after he slayed the hundred-hander names Argus, who was following commands by Hera to guard one of Zeus’s lovers.
o Stole Apollo’s cattle
o Invented the Lyre
o Walked backwards to try and fool him
o Father of Autolycus- a famous thief that could make the things he stole invisible, and grandfather of Odysseus a great trickster
o Father of Pan the sheparding god, who was very lustful

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109
Q

• Psychopompos

A

Ferries the dead from this world to the next

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110
Q

• Maia

A

Mother of Hermes, an Oceanid daughter of Atlas

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111
Q

• Pan

A

Had a goats legs and head. Was the lord of sheparding and he was known for blessing fertility.
o Mother was Dyrope a nymph who ran off in terror after she gave birth to pan.
o Lusted for the nymph Syrinx, but she was turned into reeds, he cut them all down looking for her and made a piped instrument out of them afterwards.
o He napped at noontime everyday and if awoken would give a terrible scream that resulted in PANic.
o The Christian representation of the devil comes from pan.
o HE was the only god to die

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112
Q

• Hephaestus

A

the black smith god, son of Hera and Zeus. He was lame.
o Married to Aphrodite
o Was kicked out of Olympus by his mother and tricked her into a throne from which she could not stand up.
o Native to Lemnos
o Made Pandora
o Rescued by Nereids

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113
Q

• Ares

A

The god of war son of Zeus and Hera, the most hated and violent of all gods.
o Had four children in his affair with Aphrodite
• Fear
• Panic
• Harmony
• Eros- even though this child should have already been born from chaos
o Helius told Hephaestus he saw Aphrodite and Ares in bed together
o Hephaestus devised a trap for the two of them and caught them in the act. He then took them to embarrass them in front of the other gods, but they laughed at him instead of them.

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114
Q

• Persephone

A

Demeter’s daughter that got kidnapped by Hades, and has to spend time in the underworld every year causing the changes of seasons.
o Often called Kore, which means daughter. When Hades stole her she was a Parthenos
o Zeus was her father
o Ate a pomegranate so she had to remain in the underworld for that many months

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115
Q

• Demeter

A

The fertility goddess that causes the grains and crops to grow
o Etiological myth for the cult at Eleusis.
o Stopped in Eleusis to mourn the abduction of her daughters and the 4 daughters of Celeus stopped by and asked her to come stay with them
o Demeter tried to make Celeus and Metanairia’s newborn son immortal but was caught doing it so she could not continue.

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116
Q

• Triptolemus

A

Demeter taught him the rituals of the Eleusian mysteries and he taught the entire world how to grow grain

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117
Q

• Inanna

A

traveled to the underworld in order to become queen of the dead or bring the dead back to life. Once she got there the queen of the underworld trapped her. Without Inanna the nothing could have sex and so eventually the queen of the underworld let her go on the condition that she send someone else to take her place. She chose her husband Dumuzi.

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118
Q

• Isis and Osiris

A

Isis married Osiris who was killed by the jealous brother, and sent in a coffin down a river. Isis wept in mourning and tried to find the coffin eventually she did find it.

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119
Q

• Cybele

A
  • a goddess of mountains and a mistress of wild nature
    o Had a youthful lover Attis
    o Zeus tried to rape her but missed and got a rock pregnant. From that rock Adgestis was born
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120
Q

• Adgestis

A

a mighty and violent lustful toward men and women
o Dionysus got him drunk and turned his genitals into a vine to stop him from being violent and lustful.
o He ripped off his own genitals, and from the blood formed a pomegranate tree.
o Sanguine took a pomegranate from this tree got pregnant and had Attis.

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121
Q

• Attis

A

was loved by Cybele, Adgestis, but was betrothed to the daughter of King Midas. Adgestis got jealous and drove everyone in Phygeria mad. Attis as a result of this tore off his own genitals, and killed himself. From the blood a violets grew, and on his grave an almond tree.

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122
Q

• Dionysus

A

God of wine, late to the Olympian party, and is said to have displaced Hestia as one of the 12. Played a major role in Fertility.
o Raised by Ino, she and her husband were driven mad by Hera.
o Zeus then had Dionysus turned into a goat until he could fend off Hera on his own. The Nymphs of Nysa raised him as a goat.
o Hera struck Dionysus mad, but Cybele cured him of the madness.
o Bacchae/ Maenads were his mad followers. Mostly women.
o Thyrsus was the ivy staff that he carried.
o Satyrs were his male followers
o Met Midas, who wished he could turn everything to gold, which backfired.
o Was kidnapped by pirates who didn’t believe him to be a god so he turned them to dolphins and killed some.
o Married Adriane the daughter of King Minos

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123
Q

• Semele

A

had sex with Zeus and Had Dionysus. Hera tricked her into making Zeus show him his true form, and she was killed by it.
o Became a god after Dionysus went down to the underworld to save her.

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124
Q

• Lycurgus

A

a king of Thrace who resisted him. Driven mad by the gods and was stricken blind before he was eaten alive by horses

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125
Q

• Mynads

A

daughter of King Mynas that resisted Dionysus. He drove them mad so they ate their children and were turned into bats

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126
Q

• Pentheus

A

King of Thebes that denied Dionysus claim to be a god and was killed by his own mother who Dionysus drove mad.

127
Q

• Tiresias

A

a ghost that Odysseus must consult with before returning home.
o Was blinded by Hera after he said that 9/10 parts of enjoyment of sex goes to females.
o Served the house of Cadmus for generations. Told Oedipus that he had in fact killed his father and married his mother.
o Told Creon not to kill Antigone.

128
Q

• Sisyphus

A

tricked Hades into letting him go back to the Earth. Punished by pushing boulder. Sentenced to afterlife in Tartarus

129
Q

• Tantalus

A

tried to trick the gods into eating his own son that he cooked up in a stew. Punished by not being able to drink or eat. Sentenced to life in Tartarus.

130
Q

• Elysium

A

when they die go to a special place

131
Q

• Eurydice

A

was killed by a snake while being chased by a rapist the day before she was supposed to be married to Orephestus

132
Q

• Orephestus

A

best singer in the entire world. Could make a rock cry. Made Hades feel sorry for him for losing Eurydice, and gave him one condition don’t look back until you get to the upper world, one step away from Eurydice being in the upper world he looked back.
o Invented male homosexuality
o Torn to pieces by the Bacchae

133
Q

• Pythagoras

A

philosopher who taught people to be ascetic and thought that life could be measured. Original teacher of Orphism

134
Q

• Er

A

a man that was killed in battle ten days earlier but was alive before they lit him on fore in a pyre.
o Tells the stories of how great men get to pick what they want to be in the next-life he was unsure how he got to go back to his own life.

135
Q

• Aeneas

A

founder of Rome
Looking for his father finds Hecate who shows him the way to the underworld and is guided by Apollo’s lover the Sibyl at Cumae

136
Q

• Acheron

A

sorrowful river of underworld

137
Q

• Hestia

A

god to which the 1st sacrifice was made. Was the god of the Hearth and was responsible for the eternal fires that helped grow cities. First swallowed by Cronus last born.

138
Q

• Rhea Silvia

A

the mother of Romulus and Remus who breaks her oath as a vestal virgin and is buried alive and the twins abandoned to a she wolf

139
Q

• Hermaphrodites

A

son of Hermes and Aphrodite. Was fused with Salamancis who fell in love with him. He became a bisexual hermaphrodite

140
Q

• Priapus

A

either Aphrodite and Hermes or Aphrodite and Dionysus, always had a huge erect penis and warded off the evil eye.

141
Q

• Pygmalion

A

king of Cyprus that built himself a statue that he fell in love with and Aphrodite made it real for him

142
Q

• Cinyras

A

descendent of Pygmalion whose wife seduced him and fell in love with him because Aphrodite made her after his wife claimed that the daughter was more beautiful than Aphrodite.
o Killed himself out of shame

143
Q

• Myrrah

A

had sex with father because Aphrodite made her fall in love with him
o Turned into Myrrh Tree and Adonis was born form it.

144
Q

• Adonis

A

The son of Myrrah and Cinyras who became a talented hunter and loved by Aphrodite and was turned into an anemone after his death being gouged by a boar

145
Q

• Anchises

A

slept with Aphrodite, she told him not to tell. He told so then he was blinded

146
Q

• Artemis

A

brother of Apollo daughter of Leto. Protectress of the hunt, and Parthenos
o Followed by virgin nymphs

147
Q

• Alpheus and Arethusa

A

Alpheus pursues a nymph named Arethusa to Ortigia, where Artemis turns her into a spring and he turns himself into a river

148
Q

• Niobe

A

boasted of her 6 sons and 6 daughters that she was greater then Leto. Artemis and Apollo killed all 12 of her children out of spite

149
Q

• Orion

A

great hunter who threatened rape Artemis. Artemis didn’t let him, and killed him with a scorpion but sent him into the stars as a constellation

150
Q

• Actaeon

A

accidentally saw Artemis naked so she turned him into a stag, which was hunted by his own dogs and killed.

151
Q

• Castillo

A

a virgin nymph of Artemis that was raped by Zeus because she thought it was Artemis. Artemis turned her into a bear, rescued the child (Arca) is now responsible for minor and major ursa

152
Q

• Athena

A

won the patron of the city of Athens with an olive tree. Was a Parthenos. Son of Zeus and Metis, whom Zeus ate and gave birth to Athena.
o Owl as animal
o Turned Arachne into a spider

153
Q

• Arachne

A

woman who challenged Athena in a weaving contest and when she lost was turned into a spider.

154
Q

• Cimmeria, Phlaegrian Fields, Temple of Apollo, Cavern at Sibyl and Avernus

A

places to enter the underworld

155
Q

• Cerberus

A

3 headed dog that guarded the underworld, son of Typhon. Brother of Hydra, Chimera and Orthrus

156
Q

• Dante’s Inferno

A

describes 7 layers of hell

157
Q

• Acheron

A

river of pain
o Flows opposite direction as Oceanus beneath the Earth’s surface
o Charon carries the newly deceased across this river.
o Coin to pay Charon was placed in mouth of the dead.
o Cannot be ferried across this river without proper burial.

158
Q

• Styx

A

River of hatred.
o Named after a goddess who sided with Zeus over Titans.
o Circled underworld 7 times.
o Achilles dipped in water incurring in invulnerability.
o People swore oaths on the river Styx

159
Q

• Charon

A

the Ferrier of the dead across the river Acheron. He was hated among citizens for his cruelty and ugliness

160
Q

• Polydorus

A

a man sent to bring riches to Troy to support them in the Trojan War, He was the youngest son of Priam and Hecuba killed by Polymestor. He was not given a proper burial to cross the river Acheron until Aeneas found his body and gave it a proper burial.

161
Q

• Lethe

A

River of forgetfulness.
o The souls would drink the water from this river in order to forget their life on Earth.
o When they had their memories erased those who lived a good or particularly troubling life could be reincarnated

162
Q

• Phlegeton

A

River of fire.

o Leads to the depths of Tartarus

163
Q

• Cocytus

A

River of lamentations

164
Q

• Minos

A

King of Crete and judge of the underworld, held the deciding vote

165
Q

• Rhadamantus

A

Brother of Minos and fellow judge of the underworld. Judges souls of Asia. Married Alcmene mother of Heracles

166
Q

• Aeacus

A

-Grandfather of Achilles and Ajax. King of Aegina. Judge of the souls of Europe.

167
Q

• Ixion

A

King of the Lapiths, pushed his father into a bed of coals and tried to rape Hera. Tied to an eternally spinning flaming wheel in the Tartarus

168
Q

• Danaides

A

49 daughters of Danaus that killed their 49 husbands to be. Forced to carry water in sieves and fill a pot. It didn’t work

169
Q

• Fields of punishment

A

Place for people who committed crimes against the gods. Got a specific punishment based on their crime.

170
Q

• Fields of Asphodel

A

Place for the normal people. Neutral afterlife

171
Q

• Vale of Mourning

A

Place for men who had unhappy love

172
Q

• Elysium

A

Place for heroes and demigods. Easy after life no labors

173
Q

• Isle of the Blessed

A
  • If the soul was reborn 3 times it would go to the Isles of the Blessed for a life in eternal paradise
174
Q

• Hecate

A

Goddess of ghosts, necromancy. Accompanied Demeter in her search for Persephone.

175
Q

• Thanatos

A

personification of death

176
Q

• Erinyes

A

Avenged crimes against families and the natural order of the world. 3 sisters.

177
Q

• Orpheus

A

The Father of song. Able to charm gods, people, and even inanimate objects with his music. Son of Apollo and the muse Calliope.
o Took part in the campaign of the Argonauts.
o His wife Eurydice was being chased by a Satyr and was killed by a viper in the process.
o Overcome with grief from his wife’s death he played sad songs that drove everyone into mourning even Hades.
o Orpheus should not look back and Eurydice will be right behind him.
o Two versions of his death.
• Disdained worship of Gods except Apollo so the maenads ripped him apart.
• Only made love to little boys, the Circonian women driven mad for lust by Dionysus killed him because he wouldn’t have sex with them.

178
Q

• Nyx

A

Night goddess. Born from the Chaos

179
Q

• Nike

A

goddess of victory

180
Q

• Argos

A

Rival city with Sparta. Mycenaean citadel. Neutral during the Greco Persian war.

181
Q

• Inachus

A

river god of fertility established the first settlement in Argos. Father of Io. In a land dispute between Hera and Poseidon sided with Hera so Poseidon took away his water

182
Q

• Phoroneus

A

2nd king of Argos, first man born on Earth, introduced cult of Hera, and was a fire-bringer.

183
Q

• Argus

A

named the kingdom after himself; he was the third king of Argos.
o 5 irrelevant kings come after his reign

184
Q

• Danaus

A

The 9th King of Argos
o His twin brother Aegyptus wanted to forcefully marry his sons to his 50 daughters.
o Fled to Argos for protection where he seceded Pelasgus as the next King.
o Aegyptus found Danaus and threatened war unless their kids married.
o On their wedding night Danaus told the daughters to kill their husbands, only 1 did not.

185
Q

• Lerna

A

place where the husbands heads were buried. (Has a bunch of mythical creatures with extra heads).

186
Q

• Hypermnenstra

A

the only one of Danaus’ daughters to not kill their husband Lynceus.

187
Q

• Lynceus

A

The 10th king of Argos. Did not marry Hypermnenstra, killed Danaus.
o 3 irrelevant kings followed

188
Q

• Acrisius

A

defeated his twin brother Proetus, who became king of Tyrins, and exiled him.
o Married Eurydice and had a daughter Danae. He would be killed by his daughter’s son.
o Shut Danae into a bronze chamber, but Zeus came to her anyway

189
Q

• Danae

A

mother of Perseus

190
Q

• Dictys

A

a fisherman who raised Perseus as his own

191
Q

• Polydectes

A

brother of Dictys and King of the island.
o Tried to get rid of Perseus so he could marry Danae
o Acted like he wanted to marry Hippodamia, so he asked for horses, when Perseus could not give him any horses he sent him to get Medusa’s head.

192
Q

• Hippodamia

A

the daughter of Oenamaus, King of Pisa. Would be killed by son in law so made a competition for his daughter’s hand in marriage where they had to beat him in a horse race. If they lost they would be executed

193
Q

• Pelops

A

son of Tantalus finally beat him by bribing the stall boy.

o Threw the stall boy into the sea afterwards, but before the stall boy died he cursed Pelops and his future family.

194
Q

• The Gorgons

A

Three sisters, Medusa (queen and mortal), Euryale, Stheno
o Wings
o Claws
o Tusks
o Scales
o Snakes for hair
• Medusa had two children with Poseidon Pegasus and Chrysaor

195
Q

• Hesperides

A

daughters of Nyx and Erebus that tend a garden in the Western corner of the world.

196
Q

• Graiai

A

The three sisters who knew where the Hesperides were. They shared one eye and one tooth between the three of them

197
Q

• Perseus

A

Born to Zeus and Danae in a bronze chamber. Danae concealed him. Cast the two in a wooden chamber into the sea.
o Washed up on island of Seriphus.
o Raised by a fishermen named Dictys
o Was sent on a mission for Medusa’s head by Polydectes.
o To kill Medusa needed weapons of the Hesperides
o Stole the eye of the Graiai to make them tell him where he could find the Hesperides.
o Was given a sword by Zeus, a sack to contain the head in by the Hesperides, invisibility helmet by Hades, a polished shield by Athena, and winged sandals by Hermes to help him kill the Gorgon.
o Turned Atlas to stone with Gorgons head
o Stopped in the kingdom of Aethiopia ruled by Cepheus, brother to Aegyptus, Phineus and Danaus, and queen Cassiopeia who boasted their daughter (Andromeda’s) beauty over the Nereids so Poseidon sent serpents to kill them.
o Perseus slew the monster with the Gorgon’s head and took Andromeda as wife from Phineus. He then turned Phineus to stone.
o Perseus returns home to find his mother abused.
o He turns Polydectes to stone and puts Dictys on the throne.
o Gave all his weapons back and gave the head to Athena.
o Killed his grandpa on accident with discus.
o Traded kingdoms with Megapenthes son of Proetus and King of Tiryns
o Founded Mycenae, and asked the Cyclopes for invincible walls.
o Died of old Age and placed in stars with Cepheus and Cassiopeia, and Andromeda

198
Q

• Iobates

A

the father in law of Proetus, that accidentally took Bellerophon in as a host

199
Q

• Chimera

A

brother to the Hydra and Cerberus. Son of Tartarus. Slain by Bellerophon

200
Q

• Bellerophon

A

Son of Glaucus the King of Corinth. Grandson of Sisyphus.
o Arrived as an exile in Tiryns, and was cleansed of his crimes by Proetus. The queen fell in love with him and accused him of rape.
o Sent to Iobates with a letter telling him to execute him on the spot.
o Iobates read the letter after 9 days of feasting so he could not kill him.
o Was sent to kill the Chimera.
o Tamed Pegasus
o Lodged lead spear in the Chimera’s throat to prevent it from breathing fire.
o Melted the lead and suffocated the Chimera.
o After a series of successful missions he was allowed to share the kingdom of Iobates and marry his daughter Philonoe.
o Thought he belonged with the gods, but didn’t.
o Tried to fly to Olympus with Pegasus, but he didn’t make it.
o Lived the rest of his life as a lame cripple, after Zeus knocked him off of Pegasus.

201
Q

• Amphitryon

A

The husband of Alcmene who Zeus disguised himself as and slept with her on the same night as the husband. Sent for the seer Tiresias who said that one of the boys was not his son

202
Q

• Nemean lion

A

Heracles 1st labor, he wore its pelt as armor and offspring of Typhon.

203
Q

• Lernean Hydra

A

Serpentine monster in the Lernean Lake. One of the entrances to the underworld. Offspring of Typhon. Got his poison arrows from the Hydra.

204
Q

• Iolaus

A

cauterized the skin of the beast so no more heads could grow, nephew of Heracles

205
Q

• Heracles

A

son of Zeus and Alcmene. Helped the Olympians defeat the Giants.
o 1st child born of house of Perseus on that night would become King of Tyrins. His cousin was born before him.
o Was delivered by Athena to drink the breast milk of Hera
o Heracles was given back to Amphitryon and Alcmene
o 2 Giant snakes were sent to strangle the two babies.
o Trained by Chiron, Eurytus, Castor, Linus
o Killed Linus with Lyre
o Vice and Virtue offered him hard, but glory or easy and pleasant.
o Broke Termerus’ skull in pieces. Bandit that killed passerby.
o Helped the Minoans kill the Thebans and then in subsequent wars helped Thebans kill Erignus.
o Married Creon’s daughter Megara
o He killed her and his family
o Serve King Eurystheus for 10 years.
o 12 labors for King Eurystheus
o The Argonauts and the quest for the golden fleece
o Served Queen Omphale for a year as sex slave.
o Rescued Prometheus
o Admetus and Alcestis
o Sack of Troy
o Founding of Countless cities
o Slaying of giants, monsters, and beasts
o Affairs with women and men
o His sons the Dorians invaded Greece in the Dark Ages
o Married Deianira
o Heracles took a bath on the way to Tiryns and Nessus tried to steal her away
o Heracles poisoned him with arrows.
o Nessus gave his blood to Deianira as love potion.
o Built his own funeral pyre when she gave it to him, but it was really poison.
o After death became immortal

206
Q

• Philoctetes

A

lit the pyre and received bow of Heracles. Was abandoned on the island of Lemnos by Odysseus when a snake bit him in Tenedos and the wounds festered. They had to go back to get the bow of Heracles to win the war.
o Upon return home from the Trojan war he was exiled from Thessaly and founded three cities in southern Italy.

207
Q

• Erymanthian Boar

A

4th labor of Heracles. Drove in into thick snow to capture it and bring it back to Eurystheus who hid in a vase at the sight of the terrible animal.

208
Q

• Stealing the mares of Diomedes

A

8th horses that ate humans. Abderus was in charge of the horses while he fought Diomedes. Abderus was eaten by the mares. City of Abdera named after Abderus

209
Q

• Stealing the Girdle of Hippolyta

A

9th the queen of the amazons that fell in love with Heracles. Had to kill her, because the Amazons attacked the ship. Magical girdle given to her by her father Ares. Hippolyta later married Theseus even though she should have already been dead.

210
Q

• Capturing the Cattle of Gerion

A

10th arrived to steal the cattle in the chariot of Helios. On his way back from the Libyan Desert ran into Cacus at the sight of future Rome. He also ran into Albion and Bergion on the way in

211
Q

• Cacus

A

Fire breathing son of Rome that stole 8 cattle from Heracles. Heracles followed the noises of the cattle until he got to the cave. Founded the alter of the Forum Boarium right were he strangled Cacus

212
Q

• Gerion

A

giant with one body and three heads had a dog brother of Cerberus that had two heads named Orthrus. Lived on the red island (western most area).

213
Q

• Diomedes

A

A giant king of Thrace son of Ares. Fed to his own horses

214
Q

• Slaying of the Stymphalian Birds

A

6th Man eating birds that had beaks of bronze and metallic feathers. Sacred to Ares. The surviving birds migrated to Euxine Sea and were part of the Argonauts.

215
Q

• Cretan Bull

A

7th the bull that got Pasiphae pregnant and father of Minotaur. King Minos didn’t hold up his end of the bargain where he had to sacrifice the white bull that Poseidon sent him out of the sea. Heracles captured the bull from Crete and brought it to Eurystheus. It then later migrated to Marathon

216
Q

• Augean Stables

A

5th Clean the stables that had not been cleaned in 30 years in one day by irrigating the 2 nearby rivers to run through the stables. King Augeas said that is he cleaned it in less than one day, he could have one-tenth the cattle, but he did it and no one paid him so he killed king Augeas

217
Q

• Ceryneian Hind

A

3rd labor Super fast Hind that was sacred to Artemis so Heracles knew he could not kill it

218
Q

• Capturing Cerberus

A

12th first Hercules had to be initiated into the Eleusian Mysteries, and then Hermes and Athena guided him to the underworld. Helped Theseus out of chair while he was there. Squeezed Cerberus until he submitted.

219
Q

• Steal the Golden apples of the Hesperides

A

11th he had to go to the western edge of the world where he convinced Atlas to go steal the apples for him

220
Q

• Eurystheus

A

Hera slowed Alcmene’s birth while Eurystheus was born prematurely. Became king and was supposed to help defeat the giants according to Hera. He didn’t accept 2 labors in which he received help

221
Q

• Iphicles

A

son of Alcmene and Amphitryon that was conceived the same night as Heracles.

222
Q

• Cecrops

A

The first king of Athens born from the Earth. Top half was man bottom half was serpent. Taught the Greeks civilization. Decided between Athena and Poseidon as sacred god for Athens. Had three daughters Herse, Pandrosus, and Aglaurus.

223
Q

• Cranaus

A

2nd king of Athens, son of Cecrops or born from Earth. Flood occurred during his reign. Deposed by Amphictyon

224
Q

• Amphictyon

A

3rd king of Athens. Son of Deucalion. He founded a political alliance between Greece (loose). Dionysus taught him how to mix water and wine. Deposed by Erichthonius.

225
Q

• Erichthonius

A

4th king of Athens Born from semen of Hephaestus that was meant for Athena. Athena placed him in a box, and gave it to the three daughters of the Cecrops forbidding them to open it. Invented the Quadriga because he could not walk like his father. Founded the panathenaic

226
Q

• Pandion I

A

son of Erichthonius, needed help in war against Thebes so the King of Thrace, Tereus, was offered his daughter if he helped out.

227
Q

• Tereus

A

King of Thrace that helped Pandion with the Thebans. Married Procne and raped the sister Philomela. He cut Philomela’s tongue out do she couldn’t tell anyone what happened. He then locked her up. Philomela secretly wove letters in tapestry and sent it Procne. Procne served their son Itys to Tereus as revenge. They were all turned into birds.

228
Q

• Erechtheus

A

6th King of Athens. Son of Pandion. He had three daughters. He went to war with Eleusis and the result depended on the death of one of his daughters. Sacrificed one of his daughters and the others committed suicide. He won war by killing son of Poseidon. Poseidon killed him

229
Q

• Cecrops II

A

7th king of Athens and brother to Erechtheus. Divided the city into 12 districts.

230
Q

• Pandion II

A

8th King of Athens, son of Cecrops II, and father of Aegeus, Pallas Nisos and Lycus

231
Q

• Aegeus

A

9th King of Athens and Father of Theseus. Went to Delphic oracle for advice on how to get a male heir, met Pittheous who let him sleep with his daughter, Aethra. Aegeus left for Athens leaving his shield and sword under a rock for his future son to move and bring to him when he was ready to be king. Aegeus married Medea. Was defeated in the Panathenaic Games. Got son of Crete killed so he had to send 7 young men and women every 7 years to the Minotaur.

232
Q

• Androgeus

A

defeated Aegeus in the panathenaic games.

233
Q

• Aethra

A

mother of Theseus slept with both Aegeus and Poseidon on the same night. Poseidon is probably the real father of Theseus

234
Q

• Pittheous

A

wise man, which was the grandfather of Theseus

235
Q

• Daedalus

A

man who built wooden cow so that Pasiphae could have sex with Marathonian Bull. Also designed the labyrinth that acted as a prison for the Minotaur. Escaped Crete with the wings he made, but his son, Icarus, did not make it out. Built Temple of Apollo on Sicily where he landed after his flight out of Crete.

236
Q

• Theseus

A

born as a son of Poseidon/ Aegeus and Aethra. Moved the rock to claim his birthright as heir to Athens.
o Took Dangerous way to Athens from Troezen, which meant that he had to perform 6 labors.
o When he reached Athens did not reveal himself and was almost killed by Medea, but Aegeus recognized his old sword and shield before he drank the cup of poison.
o Medea sent him to capture the Marathonian bull.
o Volunteered to slay the Minotaur.
o Sailed back with black flag instead of white flag so his father killed himself
o Ariadne fell in love with him, and helped him to defeat the Minotaur by giving him a sword and by telling him where the Minotaur would hide.
o He left Ariadne on the island of Naxos.
o Married Hippolyta and had a son Hippolytus.
o Left Hippolyta to marry Phaedra, Ariadne’s sister.
o Helped Pirithous against the Centaurs.
o Him and Pirithous pledged to marry daughters of Zeus.
o Theseus kidnapped Helen of Sparta who was later rescued by Castor and Pollux.
o Heracles freed him from the chair of forgetfulness after many years; everything went bad for him at that point.
o Lycomedes threw him off a cliff after Menestheus usurped his throne.
o His remains were buried in the temple of Hephaestus

237
Q

• Hippolytus

A

son of Theseus who swore off women and devoted himself to the hunt. Phaedra fell in love with him and accused him of trying to rape her in a suicide note so Theseus had him killed by Poseidon’s sea monsters. He later regretted that decision.

238
Q

• Pirithous

A

Prince of Lapiths that was Theseus’ best friend. Son of Ixion one of the great sinners. At his wedding with Hippodamia, the centaurs got drunk and tried to rape everyone. Was stuck in a chair of forgetfulness in hell forever because he tried to steal Persephone away from Hades

239
Q

• Epidaurus

A

Theseus’ 1st labor where he met Periphetes, a one legged Cyclopes who beat travellers to death with his bronze club. Theseus used said club to beat him to death.

240
Q

• Corinth

A

Theseus’ 2nd labor where he met Sinis who forced travellers to help him pull down a tree and then used it as a catapult or used it to tear them apart. Killed him in the same manner and had a son named Perigune with his daughter.

241
Q

• Crommyon

A

Theseus’ 3rd labor where he killed a boar that was an offspring of Typhon called the Crommyon sow.

242
Q

• Megara

A

Theseus’ 4th labor where a man named Sciron would make travellers wash his feet and then push them off of the cliff. Theseus pushed him off of the cliff.

243
Q

• Eleusis

A

Theseus’ 5th labor where he wrestled with the king of Eleusis who challenged passerby to wrestling match in order to compete for the ability to be king of Eleusis the loser died. Theseus won.

244
Q

• Sacred way between Athens and Eleusis

A

Theseus’ 6th labor he killed Procrustes a don of Poseidon that forced passerby to fit into his iron beds. If they were too short he stretched them, if they were too long he cut them up. Theseus did the same to him.

245
Q

• Athamas

A

King of Boeotia that married Nephele a daughter of Zeus. Had two sons Phrixus and Helle. Left Nephele married Ino and had Learches and Melicertes.

246
Q

• Ino

A

2nd wife of Athamas that hates Helle and Phrixus, so she tried to kill them, by causing a famine and bribed the messengers to make them say the sacrifice of Phrixus was necessary for the city to start growing crops again. She is the one who raised Dionysus, which brought Hera’s wrath driving Athamas mad and causing him to kill Learches. She threw herself into the sea with Melicertes

247
Q

• Phrixus

A

was saved by a golden ram that was sent by Nephele with his brother Helle. Helle fell off of the golden ram into the Hellespont. Phrixus reached Colchis and was welcomed by King Aeetes. The golden ram was sacrificed to the gods and the Golden Fleece was given to Aeetes

248
Q

• Salmoneus

A

King of Elis, father of Tyro and grandfather of Aeson

249
Q

• Tyro

A

wife of Cretheus, and mother of Aeson and Pheres with Cretheus. Mother of Pelias and Neleus with Poseidon. Exposed Pelias and Neleus at birth, but a herdsman raised them.

250
Q

• Aeson

A

King of Iolcus, father of Jason imprisoned by Pelias

251
Q

• Pelias

A

imprisoned Aeson, banished Neleus and became king of Thessaly. Knew that a man wearing one sandal would dethrone him

252
Q

• Jason

A

raised by Chiron. Helped Hera, disguised as an old woman, where he lost a sandal on his way back to Iolcus. When he entered the city it was announced that he was a man wearing one sandal. Pelias then sent him after the Golden Fleece.
o Jason asked Argus to make the biggest ship ever made in order to sail across the sea. The ship was named Argo after him.
o Assembled the greatest heroes of all time to go on an expedition together.
o Heracles, Theseus, Pirithous, Philoctetes, Orpheus, Asclepius, Bellerophon, Augeas, Admetus, Iolaus, Atlanta, Calais, Zetes, Caenus, Castor, and Pollux.
o Iolcus was the Argonaut 1st stop (technically)
o When Jason and the Argonauts got back to Iolcus to deliver the Golden Fleece, Jason was thought to be dead and Pelias killed Aeson.
o Medea tricked Pelias’ own daughters into cutting him up to make him immortal.
o Jason and Medea went into exile at Corinth where Jason left Medea for the daughter of the King Creusa.
o In return for Jason breaking his vow Medea gave Creusa a wedding dress that melted her skin and killed her two sons.
o The stern of Argo, where Jason lived, fell on him and killed him

253
Q

• Lemnos

A

2nd stop for the Argonauts. Women had neglected worship of Aphrodite, and then began to stink so their husbands stopped sleeping with them so they killed their husbands. His daughter Hypsipile spared King Toas. The women and the argonauts started a new race called the Minyae. Heracles forced the argonauts to leave after 2 years.

254
Q

• Cyzicus

A

3rd stop ruled by King Cyzicus. Most of the suppliants went to search for supplies, but the Gegenees, giants with 6 arms, attacked them. Heracles killed most of them. The wind blew them back to Cyzicus after they left. They were mistaken for pirates so they had to kill King Cyzicus

255
Q

• Cios

A

4rd stop for the argonauts. The argonauts engaged in rowing drag race, only four were left in competition, Jason, Heracles, Castor and Pollux, but each exhausted themselves so they took a break. When they got back to the ship Hylas Heracles friend disappeared; Heracles went looking for him, but the argonauts just left him there.

256
Q

• Hylas

A

Heracles’ lover and arms bearer. The nymphs kidnapped him. Heracles went to go find him

257
Q

• Bebryce

A

5th stop of argonauts. King Amykos was a boxer and challenged them to a boxing match. Pollux killed him

258
Q

• Salmydessus

A

6th stop of the argonauts. King Phineus was a blind seer who revealed the future to people and was punished by Zeus. The Harpies tormented him by never letting him eat his food. Calais and Zetes sons of the wind were able to fly and chase them away. As a result Phineus told Jason how to get through the Symplegades.

259
Q

• Symplegades

A

Two clashing rocks. 7th stop for argonauts. Jason let dove go first causing the rocks to clash, but the dove escaped and a long enough time for the argonauts to sneak through. The rocks haven’t clashed since they missed Argo.

260
Q

• The Island of Ares

A

8th stop of Argo. Inhabited by the Stymphalian birds that were the 6th labor of Heracles. Scared them away by clashing their shields

261
Q

• Colchis

A

9th stop of Argo. Plow a field with fire breathing oxen. Sow the teeth of a dragon into the field. Defeat warriors that came out of the ground. He would then be given the opportunity to defeat the dragon guarding the Golden Fleece. Medea, daughter of Aeetes, fell in love with Jason. Forced to sail away quickly because he stole Medea and the Golden Fleece. Medea chopped up little pieces of her brother and left them off the boat so that they could not follow as fast. Zeus sent storm to blow them off course

262
Q

• Medea

A

late in life married to Aegeus, father of Theseus and tried to poison Theseus. Her and Aegeus son Medus would later found Persia. Medea provided Jason with ointment to protect from burning oxen, told him to throw rock in the middle of the field, which caused the warriors out of the ground to kill each other. Gave dragon sleep potion so Jason could steal the Golden Fleece.

263
Q

• Aeaea

A

10th stop of Argo. They met Circe, a witch who purified the argonauts

264
Q

• Sirens

A

11th challenge for the Argonauts. Orpheus played his music, which was better than the Sirens so the argonauts did not go crazy and drive into a cliff.

265
Q

• Scylia and Charbdis

A

12th challenge of argonauts. Scylia was a monster that stopped sailors from crossing the straight of Messina, Glaucus fell in love with her, but Circe fell in love with him so she turned her into a monster. Charbdis was a whirlpool that sucked ships to the bottom of the Messina strait that would be encountered if sailors did not encounter Scylia. Hera sent Thetis to guide them between the monsters.

266
Q

• Scheria/ Phaeacia

A

the 13th stop of Argo. The rulers Alcinous and Arete were very welcoming. Colchians arrived in pursuit of Argo and demanded that they hand over Jason and Medea. Since Jason had sex with Medea, the Phaeacians defended them.

267
Q

• Lake Tritonis

A

14th stop of Argos. A lake in the middle of the Libyan desert that the argonauts wound up on after 12 days of carrying Argo. They offered a golden tripod to the local gods, Triton then appeared and showed them a hidden channel to the sea.

268
Q

• Atlanta

A

a fierce woman who was abandoned by her father King Schoneus. She was raised by a bear and swore parthenos to Artemis. Her father found her and told her that she must be married. She foot-raced her suitors and killed the losers. Finally she married Hippomemes with help of Aphrodite he rolled golden apples that Atlanta chased so he beat her in the foot race

269
Q

• Caenus

A

originally a woman. Raped by Poseidon who afterwards promised that she could have one wish, which was to become a man. He was also granted impenetrable skin. He was the strongest man to ever live. Fought with the Lapiths against the centaurs. In order to kill him the centaurs stacked trees and stones on him.

270
Q

• Crete

A

15th stop of Argo. They had to face off against Talos a giant automaton that guarded the island as either a gift from Hephaestus to Minos or Zeus to Europa. Medea tricked Talos into removing the nail in order to make him mortal. The nail really held together his one vein that ran from head to toe. When she took it out he bled to death.

271
Q

• Castor and Pollux

A

twins, but Pollux was a son of Zeus and immortal, Castor was a son of King Tyndareus. Brothers of Hellen, and there mother Leda was raped by a swan (Zeus). Castor and Pollux started a family feud by kidnapping Lynceus’ and Idas’ brides. Lynceus wounded Pollux now they alternate between heaven and underworld.

272
Q

• Cadmus

A

When Zeus abducted Europa her brothers were sent looking for her and told not to come back until they found her. The oracle of Delphi told him not to look anymore, but to follow a cow with the half moon on her butt and build a settlement where she laid down in exhaustion. A dragon killed his companions while they were searching for water to help sacrifice the cow. Cadmus killed the dragon, but it was sacred to Ares so him and his family were eternally cursed. He then sowed the teeth of the dragon into the ground and a race of men called the spartoi emerged. Founded Thebes where they built a temple to Athena.

273
Q

• Harmonia

A

wife of Cadmus and daughter of Aphrodite and Ares/ Zeus. She was the goddess of peace, harmony and concord. The necklace of Harmonia, which Hephaestus made, was cursed because Harmonia was a product of Aphrodite cheating on Hephaestus. Cadmus and Harmonia were turned into snakes before they died.

274
Q

• Pentheus

A

2nd king of Thebes. Did not acknowledge Pentheus so his own mother, Agave, killed him

275
Q

• Polydorus

A

son of Cadmus, 3rd king of Thebes. Died when his son was young

276
Q

• Labdacus

A

4th King of Thebes. Died when he was young. Lost the war to Pandion and Tereus.

277
Q

• Laius

A

5th King of Thebes, but his throne was usurped by Amphion and Zethus. He stayed with King Pelops, where he fell in love with his son Chrysippus. Chrysippus died and Laius was blamed for the death. He was cursed to be slain by his own son. Went back to Thebes, won his throne back and married Jocasta.

278
Q

• Oedipus

A

6th king of Thebes was exposed. His father knew he would kill him. Grew up in Polybus’, King of Corinth, house. He found out he might be a bastard, but when he confronted the oracle they told him he would kill his father and marry his mother so he didn’t go back to Corinth.
o Crossed paths with Laius, his real dad, on the way back from Thebes and killed him because they were arguing about who should be allowed to cross first.
o Oedipus killed the sphinx, which meant he won the right to be king of Thebes.
o Oedipus then married Jocasta and had two sons and two daughters.
o A plague struck Thebes because of the person who murdered Laius.
o Oedipus receives news of Polybus’ death, but is happy that he didn’t kill his father.
o Finds out he was adopted after all.
o Jocasta realizes what has happened and kills herself.
o Blinds himself and wonders until he gets to Athens

279
Q

• Sphinx

A

a monster that asked a riddle those who cannot answer the riddle die.

280
Q

• Polynices

A

son of Oedipus who is denied his throne by his brother Eteocles.
o Leads the 7 against Thebes.
o 7th of 7 against Thebes

281
Q

• Tydeus

A

1st of 7. Polynices brother in law. Adrastus King of Argos promised to restore both of their thrones.

282
Q

• Capaneus

A

2nd of 7. Immense, but full of Hubris. Once he got to the gate he shouted at the gates that not even Zeus could kill him… Zeus killed him

283
Q

• Amphiarus

A

6th of 7. Married Adrastus’ sister, his wife got to decide if he went even though he didn’t want to. She decided to let them march on Thebes even though she know her husband would die because Polynices promised her the necklace of Harmonia. Alcmaeon and Amphilocus, his sons were then charged with avenging his death.

284
Q

• Eteocles

A

takes the throne from his brother Polynices; they both kill each other at the exact same time

285
Q

• Antigone

A

Oedipus daughter who buried Polynices even though she wasn’t allowed to. Was sentenced to death. Hemon killed himself because Creon wouldn’t let her live.

286
Q

• The War of the Epigoni

A

The offspring of the 7 attacked Thebes in order to avenge their fathers. They conquered Thebes successfully under the leadership of Alcmaeon.

287
Q

• Alcmaeon

A

son of Amphiarus that avenged his father and lead the 7 against Thebes. Should avenge my father or spare my mother? His first wife’s brothers killed him. His sons with his 2nd wife avenged his death

288
Q

• Thetis

A

sea nymph that Zeus loved, but found out that her son would be greater than her father so instead Zeus married her to King Peleus a random king. She had a son Achilles. Discord was not invited to the wedding so she was upset and gave an apple engraved to the most beautiful of goddesses

289
Q

Paris

A

was the judge to see who was the most beautiful of goddesses Hera, Aphrodite or Athena. He chose Aphrodite because she offered him the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen. Paris was abandoned as a kid because it was said that he would be the downfall of the city of Troy.

290
Q

• Helen

A

sister of Castor and Pollux. Wife to Menelaus and daughter of the King of Sparta/ Zeus. Paris stole her away from Menelaus starting the Trojan War

291
Q

• Penelope

A

the wife of Odysseus that doesn’t recognize him after all these years but remains faithful to him anyway.
o Weaves a burial shroud for her father Laertes before she can remarry but she never finishes it.
o Makes up a contest to who ever can string the bow can marry her, but no one can string the bow.
o Tests Odysseus by saying one of the servants is going to move the bed

292
Q

• Odysseus

A

King of Ithaca, smartest man in the world. Told King Tyndareus to make the suitors promise to defend his choice of suitors. Married Penelope and father of Telemachus.
o Tried to get out of honoring his agreement by pretending to go mad
o Came up with the trick of putting weapons or jewelry to expose Achilles.
o Tricked Protesilaus to be the first one on land by landing on his shield instead of touching the ground.
o Framed Palamedes for spying on the Greeks and Treason
o Awarded the armor of Achilles.
o Went back and got Philoctetes to come to Troy after tricking him to get the bow and arrow.
o Plots to overthrow the Trojans with the horse.
o Was given Hecuba
o Calypso gave him a raft so that he could make it home, but is ship wrecked by Poseidon and Odysseus swims to shore on the island of Scheria.
o Princess Nausicaa gets inspired to do laundry and finds Odysseus to bring him in.
o Demodocus sings of his adventures at Troy and then Odysseus continues with his story.
o Odysseus attacks the Cicones, who fought with the Trojans.
o Lotus eaters- a hallucinogenic plant that caused inhabitants and his crew to forget about their purpose.
o Polyphemus, a Cyclopes, trapped them in his cave where he tricked him into saying that nobody stabbed my eye, nobody has attacked me.
o Odysseus reveals his name to Polyphemus, his only act of Hubris.
o Wind god Aeolus gives him a bag of bad wind to let him sail home safely, but when they are within sight of the docks his crew open it.
o The Laestrygonians were giants that ate his men and destroyed 11/12 ships.
o Circe turned Odysseus’ men to swine.
o Descends to the underworld to talk to Achilles, Tiresias, his mother and Agamemnon.
o Plugs everyone’s ears with bees wax in order to avoid Sirens
o Zeus punished them for stealing Helios’ cattle by drowning his entire crew in Charybdis
o Winds up prisoner to Calypso
o Athena disguises him as an old beggar, and suitors and maids all don’t recognize him
o Telemachus recognizes him
o Knows the bed can’t be moved because one of the legs is a living tree.
o Either lived a long happy life in Ithaca, or got bored after a couple of years and sailed all the way west until the gods killed him for going beyond the realms of men.

293
Q

• Laocoon

A

warned against letting in the Trojan horse, but Poseidon killed him at that exact moment so no one believed him.

294
Q

• Menelaus

A

promised Aphrodite 100 oxen if he won the love of Helen, and then forgot to pay up so that’s why Aphrodite helped steal Helen.
o Beats Paris in a duel that is supposed to end the war, but Aphrodite saves Paris at the last moment.
o Intended to kill Helen but couldn’t because of her beauty.
o Blown by storms to Crete and Egypt where he found the real Helen.
o Caught the Sea god Proteus in order to return home.
o Held Proteus through the forms of a lion, a snake, a leopard and a pig.
o Proteus told him that his brother had been killed and that in order to return home he must first sacrifice to the gods.
o Reunites with Helen after death at the Isle of the Blessed.
o He meets with Telemachus to describe his adventures.

295
Q

• Eurycleia

A

the housekeeper that recognizes Odysseus’ scars and helps Telemachus and Odysseus get the throne back for Odysseus

296
Q

• Proteus

A

Sea god that can change shape, like the ever-changing nature of the sea. He is the personification of the old man and the sea. He can tell the future, but constantly changes form so no one can force him to

297
Q

• Agamemnon

A

brother of Menelaus, King of Sparta married to Clytemnestra.
o Had all of the ships gathered, but he pissed of Artemis, and she forces him to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia in order for the winds to blow so that they can set sail.
o Had a concubine named Chrysies taken from him
o Was given Cassandra
o His wife Clytemnestra killed him and cheated on him with Aegisthus.
o Cassandra predicted both of their deaths and Orestes was sent into exile.
o Erinyes haunt him, but Athena intervenes, and jury says that the Erinyes shouldn’t haunt them so they don’t. The Erinyes no longer haunt anyone.

298
Q

• Orestes

A

arrives at the grave of his father with his cousin Pylades, and reunites with sister, Electra.
o Orestes and Pylades bring news that Orestes is dead, then killed Aegisthus and his mother.
o His mother bares him her breasts and says I fed you with these, he kills her anyway

299
Q

• Palamedes

A

sent to Ithaca to make Odysseus come to honor his agreement. Threw Telemachus in his way and figured out his trickery.
o Was stoned to death by the Greeks for Treason that he did not commit.
o His son, Nauplius, went around telling everyone’s wives that they had been cheating on them for revenge.

300
Q

• Achilles

A

daughter of Thetis, without him the Greeks could not win the Trojan War. Was nearly immortal. Chiron trained him. Was disguised as a woman to hide from Odysseus and Palamedes.
o Wounded King Telephus, and it wouldn’t heal until he put some of his spear into the wound.
o Conquered 11 citied and 12 islands for Greece in the Trojan War.
o Had a concubine named Briseis, that Agamemnon stole, which caused Achilles to stop fighting.
o Beheads Troilus, in the temple of Apollo, earning much disfavor with the god Apollo
o Kills Hector and comes back to fight once Patrocolus is dead.
o Falls in love with Penthesilea queen of the amazons as he is killing her
o Killed Theristes, the ugliest and weakest for making fun of love.
o Memnon and Achilles fought, but even though both had armor made by Hephaestus Achilles won.
o Apollo guided a poison arrow that Paris shot to Achilles heal.
o Achilles died and was burned on a funeral pyre with Patrocolus

301
Q

• Troilus

A

son of Hecuba and Apollo, Troy will not fall if he reaches adulthood

302
Q

• Chryses

A

father of Chrysies, and priest of the temple of Apollo. When Agamemnon does not return his daughter Apollo strikes plague upon the Greeks.

303
Q

• Diomedes

A

Son of Tydeus, King of Argos after his grandfather Adrastus.
o Second best Greek fighter.
o Wounded Aphrodite and Ares on the same day. Repeated before Apollo. (Self-restraint)
o Crushes Aeneas’ hips
o Glaucus challenged him to single-combat, but they couldn’t fight because they were bound by the rules of hospitality.
o Returned home immediately, but no one recognized him. He moved to Southern Italy and founded ten cities.

304
Q

• Hector

A

first son of Priam and Hecuba. Married Andromache and father of infant who dies. Has a heroic code, doomed to die but doesn’t flinch anyway.
o Heroic code Praise your gods, love your woman, and protect your family.
o Killed by Achilles.
o Killed Patrocolus.
o Helped the Trojans push out and gain some ground against the Achaeans.

305
Q

• Ajax the greater

A

competed for Achilles armor, but lost so he committed suicide, after he accidentally killed a bunch of cattle instead of the officers of the Greek Military.
o Never wounded in battle

306
Q

• Neoptolomus

A

killed Priam and tricked Philoctetes into coming back to war with Troy. Was awarded Andromache, and killed Hector’s son. Sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on Achilles grave. Son of Achilles
o He never wanted to return home, but he conquered the land of the Molossians.
o Had a child with Andromache and named him Molossus.
o Marries Hermione daughter of Helen and Menelaus
o Orestes, son of Agamemnon, kills Neoptolomus for not treating Hermione right.

307
Q

• Ajax the lesser

A

he raped Cassandra on the altar of Athena

308
Q

• Atreus and Thystes

A

killed their half brother Chrysippus. Usurped the Mycenaean throne. Aerope was sleeping with both brothers and gave Atreus’ lamb to Thystes, so Thystes became King. If the sun moved backwards in the sky Thystes had to give the throne back, it did. Atreus tricked Thystes into eating his sons’ hands and feet. Atreus had two sons Menelaus and Agamemnon. When Atreus was killed by their cousin Aegisthus they killed him and took the throne.

309
Q

• Telemachus

A

the son of Odysseus that goes looking for him after the 108 suitors show up.
o Proteus tells Telemachus that Odysseus is a prisoner of Calypso

310
Q

• Aeneas

A

Saved by the gods twice and escapes from Troy with his father Ascanius, who slept with Aphrodite.
o Goes to Carthage and Hera tries to protect it, but Poseidon guides them, where encouraged by Aphrodite Venus protects them.
o Hector told him in a dream that the Greeks were going to sack Troy and that he needed to leave quickly.
o His wife Creusa died in the sacking and was told to go find a new city in the West.
o Gives Polydorus a proper burial in Thrace
o Chases the Harpies, and gets a warning that he will starve.
o Faces Scylla and Charybdis and the island of the Cyclopes.
o His father Anchises dies of old age
o Aeneas sees the underworld and sees the future of the city Rome that he will found.
o Marries Lavina daughter of King Latinus
o He stole Lavina from the ruler of the Rutuli, Turnus so war breaks out.
o Beats Turnus in single combat to win the war.

311
Q

• Delos

A

an oracle that lead Aeneas to Italy and to Crete improperly to try and find the great mother, the city of his ancestor Dardanus

312
Q

• Polydorus

A

the plants that are growing in Thrace spout blood because the youngest son of Priam was betrayed by Polymestor and never given a proper burial.

313
Q

• Queen Dido

A

Daughter of Beleus, King of Tyre, married to Sychaeus, but her brother Pygmalion usurped the throne from him. She was forced to flee to North Africa. Thinks she got married to Aeneas, but he never promised anything of the sort so when he leaves she kills herself.

314
Q

• Euryalus and Nisus

A

Two Trojan comrades that lead a surprise ambush while the Rutuli are sleeping and brutally slaughter many, but don’t escape

Greek and Roman Mythology (2 decks)

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