After the Revolution? 1660-1784

Question 1

How did the role of the Nobility Change?

Answer 1

Originally, the European elite were men on horseback who dominated battles in the middle ages, this was undermined by the mil rev
This change led to the nobility organising a providing means of defence, per suiting careers as Corps Officers

Question 2

Why did the change in war led to the change in nobility?

Answer 2

it became less seasonal, there was growth in standing armies which required more officers and equipment and supply was more expensive

Question 3

Instead of merit and honour on the battlefield, what did Nobles seek to justify their status

Answer 3

Birth and Lineage Rights

Question 4

What does Bush claim about the military position of nobles at this time?

Answer 4

1. nobility did not lose their military position after 1700, but rather, they enhanced the role in different ways
2. The expansion of armies and military organisations created a path for nobility to embrace new military careers and income.

Question 5

What does Lynn argue about warfare in the ancien regime?

Answer 5

reflected the values and cultural assumptions of the social elites.

Question 6

Give an example of the noble role in France:

Answer 6

France, the captains were responsible for providing horses and equipment; and in the eighteenth century, regiments were still property of the nobility.

Question 7

Why did the role of the Knight decline?

Answer 7

1. The importance of the cavalry eroded due to the role of the English Archer in the Hundred Years War and was destroyed by the gunpowder revolution.
2. The cavalry was really only used to provide mass and shock against the enemy lines

Question 8

In Spain, when was the role of the knight first seen to decline?

Answer 8

as early as 1492 in Spain and was formally abolished by Philip III in the early seventeenth century. The state required a professional, large-scale army.

Question 9

Why did noble fortifications become a thing of the past?

Answer 9

the army required new defence works and equipment, and the cost of private fortifications was rising rapidly

Question 10

Give an example of Noble Fortifications in France:

Answer 10

i. later sixteenth-century Wars of Religion had provided an opportunity for widespread improvements to existing defences
ii. when crown authority was restored under Louis XIII and Richelieu, they ordered for the the demolition of a number of castles and numerous smaller fortifications.

Question 11

What did the disappearance of fortifications mean for noble revolt:

Answer 11

The disappearance of private forces and fortifications everywhere undermined the potential for noble violence and revolt.

Question 12

How were the Nobility victims during this period?

Answer 12

1. it seems that the institution of nobility was under attack
2. often led to loses
   3.state would utilize nobleman’s economic status
3. They lost a lot of political influence to the crown and its agents

Question 13

in the1620s, what did Richelieu and Olivares say about the noble institution?

Answer 13

complained about the military incapacity and even disinclination of the French and Spanish elites, and sought to remedy the situation through education.

Question 14

Why did the state utilising the nobility fortunes make them victums?

Answer 14

when food, equipment, and pay were not provided on time by central government departments, a noble officer was expected to make up the shortfall

Question 15

Why were nobles benefactors of this change?

Answer 15

1.effective routes to promotion within the nobility
2.the financial rewards to accompany it.
3.adopted an army career as a form of self-legitimation
4. The Military Revolution theoretically transformed the army officer from freebooter into salaried state official.
5. they were poor and needed income

Question 16

During the thirty years war, how were nobles promoted?

Answer 16

many successful military entrepreneurs were promoted in the nobility through the award of the higher titles of baron, count, and (very occasionally) prince.

Question 17

When was the hierarchy of ranks introduced in France?

Answer 17

introduced in 1675 in France, offered at least the possibility of a career path and the financial rewards to accompany it

Question 18

What is the danish example of why the nobility became officers?

Answer 18

The Danish nobility’s increased adoption of military careers during the seventeenth century has been attributed partly to the economic difficulties it experienced between 1580 and 1660.

Question 19

Which country was seen as behind in the innovation of the military revolution?

Answer 19

Russia

Question 20

Names the three phases of military revolution in Russia

Answer 20

1. The first phase may be termed the Artillery Phase, Artillery played a decisive role in Muscovy’s expansion to the west and northwest.
2. the appearance of the hand-held firearm, which characterised the second phase of reception. This demanded the participation in warfare of ever-increasing numbers of men, and simultaneously required improvements in military organisation and administration.
3. Foreign Mercenary Phase; mercenaries became increasingly central to military development in seventeenth century Russia.

These were all seen before Peter the Greats reforms, however, the military organisation of Russia only really came into play under the reforms of Peter I

Question 21

What was the introduced in 1705 in Russia

Answer 21

The new recruiting system launched in 1705, for example, strongly resembled Muscovite conscription; it also failed to deliver a reasonably predictable number of recruits until the 1720s.

Question 22

Name some flaws of Russian reforms:

Answer 22

1. caused issues for the mobilisation of the Russian state, soul tax affected peasants dearly
2. the execution of Strel’sty 1698: group of musketeers who rose up against Peter I because he was introducing the progressive innovations. about 1,200 Streltsy were executed, and 600 were whipped, branded with iron, or sent into exile.
   3.

Question 23

Overall, what is the view of the military developments of Russia

Answer 23

Therefore, it can be seen that Russia failed to mobilise until much later than the rest of Europe, with many historians arguing for the backwardness of Russia.

Question 24

Overall, why did the Seven Years War demonstrated that warfare was still ongoing after the Mil Rev?

Answer 24

It drove governments to adopt new politics and introduce fundamental reforms, and some states simulated opposition to political authority.

Question 25

Why was the Seven Years War more significant that the Spanish Succession?

Answer 25

Earlier conflicts, such as the Spanish Succession, did not impose the scale of burdens which resulted from the fighting after 1756

nor had such profound and lasting effect upon political society

It introduced a scale of fighting which was revolutionary compared to previous conflicts which made an impact upon those who survived through this desperate struggle.

Question 26

How did Fredrick of Prussia suffer during the seven years war

Answer 26

breakdown in Absolute Monarchy during this time was Fredrick of Prussia, he also overreached his states resources, which his state had barely survived determined his subsequent outlook and policies.

Affected his state demographically and economically: great reform was needed after the war

Question 27

Explain the example of France in the Seven Years War:

Answer 27

it is clear that France’s borrowing increased at least two-thirds in the war period, by the later 1760s the cost of servicing this debt was around two-thirds of annual revenue

France had to seek its loans primarily on the international market and at significantly higher interest rates

The scale of the national debt after the Seven Years War destabilised the French financial system and made reform imperative

France lost their colonial position to Britian. the fighting had been a serious double defeat for the Bourbon monarchy, which had lost both overseas and on the European continent.

Question 28

How did British and French taxation systems differ?

Answer 28

France had to seek its loans primarily on the international market and at significantly higher interest rates than its rival paid. France did not have a system of debt conversion, unlike Britain.
France studied the nature of the British Debt system after 1756, in an unsuccessful attempt to learn from their rival

Question 29

What did the Seven Years War do to international order?

Answer 29

The Seven Years War ushered in a new international order within which France played a much reduced role. Russia and Prussia joined the continental political elite, while Britain became the most dynamic imperial power.