age - penelope eckert

Question 1

what did penelope eckert research?

Answer 1

• vowel sounds in detroit (the /e/ and the /ʌ/ sounds, so that the word ‘flesh’ would sound like ‘flush’) and also multiple negation

Question 2

what were the two key groups penelope eckert identified?

Answer 2

• the jocks
• the burnouts

Question 3

who were the jocks?

Answer 3

• school-centered and engaged in school-sphered activities

Question 4

who were the burnouts?

Answer 4

• the burnouts were the opposite of this - concentrating on gaining a job in the local workforce. they engaged in activities in the neighbourhood area

Question 5

eckert found that the …. used a significantly …. proportion of the …. form. their …. were …… and their grammatical constructions were practically all ….. (no …. …..).
the ….. were focused on the local surroundings and so used the …. ….. …. severely. they also used significantly more …. ….. . only … jock girl used … …. . considerably …. jock boys used to ….. ….. . there was practically .. difference between the …. girls and …. boys use of …. ….

Answer 5

eckert found that the jocks used a significantly higher proportion of the standard form. their vowels were conservative and their grammatical constructions were practically all standard (no negative concord).
the burnouts were focussed on the local surroundings and so used the fetroit vowels more severely. they also used significantly more multiple negation. only one jock girl used multiple negation. considerably more jock boys used multiple negation. there was practically no difference between the burnout girls and burnout boys’ use of multiple negation.