AGEING Flashcards

Question

Factors that influence ageing: risk factors and buffers

Answer 1

risk factors: negative things that put you in more of a risk of premature death (lifestyle and environmental factors) buffers: things that counteract the risk factors (genetics and family and positive lifestyle factors)

Answer 2

1. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) 2. diabetes mellitus 3. Alzheimer's Disease 4. diseases of the heart 5. cerebrovascular diseases - all top 5 are chronic diseases?

Answer 3

- some of the elders thought that the assisted living was like a prison and they wanted to get out - a few people that they can talk to in assisted living place - even though some people thought it was a prison they were still able to have fun and some were able to take on tasks and help those who were more dependent - 19yr old who moved into an assisted living centre in Florida for 1 month

Answer 4

- ideas about what is true - based on systematic knowledge and we've assumed them to be true because that's all we've been told - our cultural beliefs can turn out to be inaccurate/misleading - beliefs can be used to make inferences and draw conclusions that may or may not be true

Answer 5

- Cognition: stereotypes are composites of beliefs that we attribute to categories of people - culture specific - categorize people to reflect the value and hierarchies within culture - can be positive, negative or neutral

Answer 6

- television: most important - movies - print journalism - there isnt many opportunities for older adults to be in the media

Answer 7

- cognition and emotion: thought + feeling = negative age prejudice - negative attitudes towards older adults based on belief that ageing makes people: 1. Unattractive 2. Unintelligent 3. asexual 4. Unemployable 5. mentally incompetent

Answer 8

- goes one step beyond prejudice and adds in negative BEHAVIOUR - treating people in an unjustly negative manner bc of their chronological age (or appearance of age) and for no other reason

Answer 9

- assignment allowed them to study the subtle language that was used to characterize these elders and it was intended to be a positive activity - in the back of our minds there is always some form of negative bias

Answer 10

1. generalizations about older adults based on assumptions and judgements 2. older patients dont have many opportunities for touch, so give hugs!

Answer 11

1. characterizes older people are thought of as different from other people 2. made me realize the importance of treating the elderly with the same attitude and approach as treating younger patients

Answer 12

1. characterizes certain behaviours are unusual or outside the norm for an older person 2. 94 years old and still sharp as a tack! Honey, you take the Plavix

Answer 13

1. describes "old" as bad or a negative place or state | 2. just had an intriguing convo with a new friend, who just happens tome 80 years young

Answer 14

1. describes long and acting "young" as a positive attribute

Answer 15

expresses child-like attributes

Answer 16

described in-group discrimination; older adults made judgements, assumptions or denied commonality with other group members (older adults saying negative things about other older adults)

Answer 17

described in-group discrimination that communicated hostility, derogatory, or negative slights and insults - subtle impact on ones self (ex. O-L-D and F-A-T)

Answer 18

1. Health care professionals were ill-prepared to adequately care for older adults 2. Older adults rarely receive preventative care 3. Older adults did not receive appropriate ore preventative measures 4. Older adults bc of their age were excluded from proven medical interventions 5. Older adults were excluded from clinical trials

Answer 19

- convos just between the doctor and younger adult - older adults are the most likely to use these medical treatment yet they are never allowed to participate in medical trials

Answer 20

- process though which society loses interest in and no longer seeks older individual's efforts or involvement Ex. 1. no longer considered for leadership positions 2. employers may no longer want their labour 3. unions may not be interested in their financial problems 4. governments may not be responsive to needs of OA - subtle discrimination - represents generalized age discrimination

Answer 21

- pop is divided into age state such as youth, adulthood and old age - inequalities, or conflicts between age strata influence age relations - age grading sorts people into age strata and channels them thro age-graded roles and opportunity structures * intergenerational conflict bc of this

Answer 22

- there's a mismatch between opportunities that are their for them and their ability and strength - older adults today look different - they are doing more things but the opportunities that are there for them are limited

Answer 23

``` Age differentiated: young = education middle-age = work old age = leisure Age Integrated: all ages do education, work and leisure ```

Answer 24

1. encounter older person 2. recognition of old age cues 3. stereotyped expectations 4. modified speech behaviour

Answer 25

- exists in nursing homes (regardless for all residents, regardless of regardless of cognitive ability) - used by staff with more negative attitudes towards ageing

Answer 26

- stereotyped expectations can create self-fulfilling prophecy for older adults (reinforce dependancy) - internalizing negative stereotypes and self-perceptions - more exposure to elder speak means lower self-esteem Whats helpful: 1. repetitions 2. paraphrasing 3. simple sentences Whats NOT helpful: 1. complex sentences 2. short sentences 3. high pitch 4. slow speech

Answer 27

1. encounter older person 2. recognition of old age cues 3. stereotyped expectations 4. modified speech behaviour OUTCOMES 5. reinforcement for stereotyped behaviours 6. constrained opportunities for communication MODEL CAN EITHER GO 7A OR 7B 7a. loss of personal control and self esteem 7b. blessed psychological social activity 8. negative age changes ** CYCLE REPEATS - negative feedback loop

Answer 28

- stereotypes affects cognitive and physical functioning 1. poor performance on memory tests 2. higher BP and heart rates 3. decline in handwriting ability * *subliminal negative stereotypes

Answer 29

- 3 groups of middle aged women and men (aged 48-62): 1. told they were part of a study including people over 70 (indirect reminder of link between age and memory loss) 2. told they were competing against people in their 20s 3. told nothing (control group) - evaluated performance on a word-recall memory test (study a list of 30words for 2mins then recall) * * Power of suggesting that they are associated with an older group resulted in the middle age group doing poorly (as if they were older adults in terms of memory)

Answer 30

1. encounter an older person 2. recognition of cues on individual basis 3. Modified communication to accommodate individual needs (back to step 2 if needed) 4. Individual assessment for multi-focused interventions (back to step 3 if needed) 5. empowerment of client and provider OUTCOMEs 6a. optimized health, well-being and competence of elder 6b. increased effectiveness and satisfaction of provider 7. maximized communication skills and opportunities REPEAT -Far more person centred instead of stereotypes -Based on their actual abilities - Trial and error on some strategies - accommodate based on their actual needs and not stereotyped needs - Impact is that it should empower both the client and the provider (dyad- positive outcomes for both groups) -This will maximize the opportunities for communication skills and positive feed back loop - Prescribing the situation

Answer 31

CPA = descriptive model, stereotypic needs CEM = prescriptive model, health promo perspective and individual needs 3 key areas: 1. Appropriate speech accommodation 2. supportive physical environment 3. positive social environment

Answer 32

1. positive self-perceptions - better functional health - lived almost 8 years longer 2. subliminal exposure to postive age stereotypes - improvement in motor function

Answer 33

- list of behaviours that target the person, of social patterns and dyadic form of behaviour - suggestion, command, request was the most common among social partners (nursing staff) - compliance, cooperation was the most common among older adults - Observing communication in these facilities - Then looked at the nurses responses - Then looked at the dyadic relationship - They were more task focused Older adults were complying

Answer 34

- dependant behaviours: supporter and attended with immediate positive reactions - independent behaviours: ignored in nursing home setting and followed by both independence-supportive and dependance-supportive behaviours (OA unsure about consequences of independent behaviour) - This was confusing bc the independent behaviour would be supported by the nurses and sometimes the independent behaviour would be supported by dependant behaviour (dependant - supportive script - ex. "ill get that for you" even tho the older adult is capable)

Answer 35

Goal of Intervention: - change the behaviour of social partners (increase responsively to independent behaviours) - evaluate the consequence of such change Intervention: - participants had to design, conduct and evaluate a behaviour modification program - taught nursing home staff : 1. communication skills 2. info about aging 3. behaviour management skills ** dont want staff to ignore anymore

Answer 36

Design and Results: - pre-post control group design to examine the change behaviour - observed an increase in independent-supportive behaviour among staff (increase in independent behaviours among older adults) - intervention was focused on the social environment (e. the nurses) and notion the older adults - it was focused on the social environment of the nurses - and just by training the staff there was a positive impact on the older adults

Answer 37

1. communication predicament of aging model 2. social context: long-term care (LTC) facility 3. communication enhancing strategies: - personhood - simple sentence/ repetition 4. participants: 71 LTC staff members Method: vignette evaluation ** situations were person centred vs. directive

Answer 38

1. personhood condition - staff rated positively (verbal/nonverbal characteristics and competent, respectful & satisfied) - resident rated positively (competent, satisfied with convo and more likely to actively engage, more able to participate in daily activities) 2. personhood + simple Sentences/Repetition - strengthened effect of personhood (staff = less patronizing, resident = more competent)

Answer 39

1. communication matters - include "person" 2. simple doesn't mean short - short sentences are not helpful - simple = easy to understand/process 3. paraphrase/repeat - when residents with dementia dont understand 4. using communication enhancing strategies - enhancing both staff and residents enhances quality of care

Answer 40

1. pre and post-training recordings 2. 3 one hour communication training sessions: - limited lecture, group discussions and role play to practice new skills - Goal: reduce elder speak in nursing home 3. Measures: - diminutives (honey, good girl etc.), inappropriate collective pronouns - mean length of utterance

Answer 41

- reduction in "honey, sweetie" - reduction in collective pronouns - more convos between resident and staff

Answer 42

- center: successul aging above: minimize risk & disability - left: engage in active life - right: maximize physical & mental abilities - Goal: maximize physical and mental ability - Critiques: 1. Doesn’t take into account people who have had a disability over their whole life and how they adapted 2. Doesn’t take into account the social structure (ie. childhood SES and income) 3. Missed policies and structures and issues of income 4. Doesn’t look too much on the psychological aspects of aging (this is more physical health and cognition - thinking) - This is too individualistic - victim blaming

Answer 43

- no major diseases - no limitations in ADL - ability to preform variety of tasks - telephone based cognitive assessment

Answer 44

- WHO uses the term "ACTIVE AGING" - They’ve used more social determinant - This is personal and social as well - Holistic approach

Answer 45

- senescence - progressive decline in physical function due to increasing age - "normal" - from biological and physical perspective - negative connotation that things will go downhill

Answer 46

- deterioration that is mediated by either disease or harmful environment/lifestyle factors - disease: disease is what causes the health to decline - harmful environment/lifestyle factors: always being in the sun and smoking a lot (2 biggest factors to make you look physically older)

Answer 47

must be: 1. universal: all experience the same changes 2. intrinsic: not necessarily due to environment, rather genetics 3. progressive: getting worse 4. irreversible: you can slow it down but it will happen 5. deleterious: leads to a loss of function

Answer 48

- cumulative effects of gravity on the spine (esp. discs) - musculoskeletal changes: loss of bone material in vertebrae --> weakening of vertebrae --> spine collapses and shortens - osteoporosis - poor posture - gradual change

Answer 49

- fat-free mass (FFM) decreases - BMI increases - muscle strength diminishes, but exercise can help - loss of muscle mass with age: 1. Basal metabolic rate (# calories burn at rest) slows with age 2. Fewer calories are needed 3. Sarcopenia: loss of skeletal muscle mass - May be due to age or factors like decreased activity - Major risk factors for falls - Loss of muscles --> greater portion of fat * weight loss in older adults can be due to a loss of muscle not fat

Answer 50

- energy requirements (from most energy to least 1. concentric 2. isometric - no major age related changes 3. eccentric - no major age related changes - strength in lower body decreases faster than the strength in the upper body

Answer 51

- reduction in bone strength and mass makes bones more susceptible to fractures (esp. for older women) - The rate of bone building is not keeping up to the rate of bone break down (out of sync) - osteopenia: lesser degree of bone loss - osteoporosis: more porous in the bone so great chance for bone breakage

Answer 52

1. cartilage: - surfaces become rougher in point areas - water content in cartilage decreased (restricts flexibility) 2. change in cartilage may be due to: - wear and tear (use it too much so it breaks down) - internal process (sedimentary people also have a problem)

Answer 53

- heart size DOESNT change with age 1. increase in fatty tissue 2. decrease in efficiency in heart muscle's ability to contract 3. decrease in max heart rate during heavy exercise 4. decrease in stroke volume 5. decrease in ejection fraction 6. decrease in oxygen uptake or consumption

Answer 54

1. longer recovery: heart needs long rest period between beats 2. decline in cardiac output: less O2 delivered to body 3. changes in arteries and vein: increase rigidity (become less flexible) 4. heart works harder to move blood to body --> increase BP 5. slower venous return to heart --> stagnation of venous blood, varicose veins and clots in veins

Answer 55

1. loss of strength in muscles involved in inhaling/exhaling 2. increased stiffness of chest wall 3. lungs: - smaller - flabbier - decrease in weight - lungs have less elastic recoil - decrease in vital capacity - increase in residual volume 4. rigid increases 5. blood vessels: more fibrous, less elastic - pulmonary artery: thicker, larger - implications: a. less blood flow to the lungs b. more pressure in the pulmonary artery 6. alveoli: - walls get thinner - fewer blood capillaries available for gas exchange - surface area decreases by up to 20% (reduces max O2 uptake by as much as 55% by age 85) Implications: a. Increased levels of CO2 and decreased levels of O2 in the blood --> less O2 to vital organs --> respiratory conditions, sleep disorders

Answer 56

1. blood vessels: smaller thicker -- reduce blood flow through kidneys and decrease GFR 2. ureter, bladder and urethra = lose elasticity and muscle tone (in competed emptying of bladder --> increased post-void residual) 3. decline in bladder capacity --> less urine is stored in bladder ... which causes: a. more frequent urination (esp. at night) b. signal to urinate may be delayed until bladder is almost full (causes incontinence)

Answer 57

- nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland - may compress the urethra which goes through the centre of the prostate impede urine flow from the bladder through the urethra to the outside - Implication: --> urine: back up in the bladder (retention) --> need to urinate frequently during the day and night - for middle aged men aged 50 and older

Answer 58

- involuntary passing of urine in quantities that constitute a social/health problem - major reason why people get moved to a nursing home - older adults not likely to report this - NOT NORMAL PART OF AGING 1. Chronic: stress incontinence: - involuntary passage of urine: laugh, cough, sneeze or during exercise - cause: weakened muscles in the external sphincter/pelvic floor, increased intra-abdominal pressure - affects women under age 60, men after prostate surgery 2. urge incontinence - cant delay voiding the perception that the bladder is full; sudden need to urinate and may even leak urine - causes: may be due to UTO or to CNS impairment following a stroke - detrusor instability, internal sphincter weakness - implications: a. Overactive bladder and loses large amounts of urine b. Accidents happen - day and night c. More urine passes compared with stress incontinence - train muscles using Kegel exercises or pelvic muscle training

Answer 59

1. occurrence od climacteric - menopause (ovulation gradually stops) 2. vaginal walls: thinner, drier, less elastic, shrink 3. sexual intercourse can be uncomfortable: - decreased blood flow and in the amount of vaginal lubrication that is produced 4. increased time to arousal 5. decreased recreation of estrogen: - ovaries decrease by 50% and weight - uterus decreases in size and weight - become more fibrous - contribute to bone weakening --> osteoporosis 6. loss of elasticity: - ligaments supporting ovaries and uterus - skin: loses elasticity, amount of fat tissue in breasts decreases -- loss of firmness and sagging of breasts and other body tissues 7. muscle and glandular tone diminish

Answer 60

1. fewer viable sperm are produced and motility of sperm decreases 2. amount and consistency of the semen changes 3. Andropause: decrease in testosterone lvls occur with age 4. testes: less firm and smaller 5. fertility still possible in older men: - erection less firm - longer/delayed/less firm time to ejaculation - lengthening refractory period - prostate enlargement -- may compress the urethra and inhibit or prevent the flow of urine

Answer 61

- lack of ability to achieve pr maintain an erection adequate for satisfactory sexual functioning - erection: too soft, brief or cant achieve at all - increases with age but NOT part of normal aging - due to physiological conditions like diabetes, high BP, medications, smoking etc. - due to psychological factors like depression, anxiety, relationship problems, fear of failure or self-esteem - How does an erection occur? 1. physical/mental stimulation 2. nerves in brain send msg to genital nerves 3. penile blood vessels dilate 4. pressure of blood floe traps blood within corpora cavernous 5. penis expands = erection * * main cause of withdrawing from sexual activity

Answer 62

1. lens: visual accommodation - width of the lens increases by approx 50% by age 80 - thicker and less elastic - denser (more opaque and yellow) -- refractive ability is impaired, changes in colour vision - farsightedness: increases with age - reduced pliability of lens (hard to focus, hard to see objects up close) -- contributes to presbyopia

Answer 63

- cloudy, yellow opaque lens - interferes with light rays passing thro lens - NOT part of normal aging

Answer 64

- destroys sharp, central vision - AMD affects the macula part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail located in the centre of the retina - AMD causes no pain (so ppl can have symptoms of it and not even know until it's too late)

Answer 65

- cause: buildup of intraocular eye pressure -- damages retina and optic nerve --> blindness - slow progression (symptoms not noticeable) - contributing factors: 1. family history 2. diabetes 3. some medications

Answer 66

- presbycusis affects the ability to understand speech -- cancer sounds but not discriminate words or comprehend what's being said - hearing loss esp for high pitched sounds - cochlea and auditory nerve creates sound distortion - common form of sensorineural impairment - NORMAL part of aging - Possible causes: repeated exposure to loud/excess noises

Answer 67

- social withdrawal - Mental health: isolated, depressed - Safety: cant hear alarms - Misunderstood conversations: paranoia, alienation, suspiciousness and disagreements - Labeled as confused or demented - Paranoid behaviour due to inappropriate actions based upon , missed info

Answer 68

- Talk loudly - Turn their head so that their best hear is facing you - Blank look - Increased impatience in convo - Not reacting to loud noises - Withdrawal from social events - Ask people to repeat what was said - Respond inappropriately

Answer 69

- some loss of skin receptors - higher threshold of stimulation (less sensitive) in remaining receptors - safety implications: 1. Burns: problem perceiving temperature 2. Falls: receptors on soles of feet don’t function well 3. Difficulty assessing how much pressure to exert - holding a glass or a fork worried about being clumsy --> avoid social situations - touch = mode of communication -- can improve communication with older adults esp. those with verbal communication problems ** MOST LOSS IN HANDS AND FEET

Answer 70

- withdrawal or avoidance of activities usually enjoyed, such as sewing or playing with a pet - extremes in feeling pain (either not feeling pain or overreacting to slight pain) - showing no response to pressure - grasping objects tightly

AGEING Flashcards

(94 cards)