aggression 1.3 Flashcards

Social psychological explanations of human aggression, including the frustration-aggression hypothesis, social learning theory as applied to human aggression, and de-individuation. (38 cards)

1
Q

how is behaviour learnt according to SLT of aggression?

A

through observation

watching behaviour of a model

imitating behaviour of a model

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2
Q

who does the mode have to be?

A

can be anyone

doesn’t need to be a parent

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3
Q

influencing factors of aggression according to SLT

A

identification

vicarious reinforcement

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4
Q

how is identification an influencing factor?

A

if they observer identifies with the model they are more likely to imitate

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5
Q

how is vicarious reinforcement an influencing factor?

A

if observed model is rewarded for their behaviour this leads to vicarious reinforcement which means they’re more likely to imitate

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6
Q

4 mediational processes

A

attention

retention/memory

reproduction

motivation

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7
Q

attention

A

more likely to imitate if paying attention

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8
Q

memory/retention

A

more likely to imitate if they have better memory of the event

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9
Q

reproduction

A

need to be able to physically reproduce behaviour

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10
Q

motivation

A

less likely to imitate if lacks motivation

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11
Q

how does bandura’s bobo doll study support the social explanation of aggression?

A

bobo doll studies show that children are more likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour of a model if the model is rewarded

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12
Q

how does bandura’s 1977 quasi experiment support the social explanation of aggression?

A

showed that people living in high crime rate areas display more aggression than those in high crime rate areas

however couldn’t randomly allocate particiants into groups or directly manipulate IV

can’t establish cause and effect - correlational

may have been confounding variables such as stress causing higher aggression

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13
Q

how can social explanation of aggression explain cultural differences?

A

!Kung Society

little opportunity for children to observe aggression, not vicariously reinforced

less aggressive

can’t be explained by explanations that say aggression is genetic

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14
Q

how does the social explanation of aggression ignore genetic factors?

A

christiansen did a twin study on criminal activity

55% concordance rate for MZ twins

22% concordance rate for DZ twins

reductionist

ignores known genetic factors

aggression is potentially more interactionist

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15
Q

de-individuation theory

A

when someone loses awareness of individual identity and responsibility when in a large group

more likely to behave aggressively if in a large group

causes individual to feel less inhibited and behave aggressively

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16
Q

what do social norms inhibit?

A

the desire to be aggressive

17
Q

2 factors affecting de-individuation

A

size of group

anonymous clothing

18
Q

how the size of the group affects de-individuation

A

more likely to feel less anonymous in a smaller group

will behave more aggressively in larger group as there is shared responsiblity

19
Q

how anonymous clothing affects de-individuation

A

anonymous clothing increases likelihood of de-individuation as they are more anonymous

e.g. hoodies

20
Q

how zimbardo’s 1969 study supports de-individuation theory

A

control group:
name tags
no hoodie
identifiable

experimental group:
hoods covered faces
no name tags

were told they were administering shocks to a participant after pressing a button

those in experimental group gave higher shocks, more aggression

21
Q

how mullen’s study supports de-individuation theory

A

lynching - when members of a large social group target and kill members of a small social group

found that larger lynchings were more aggressive

analysed newspaper reports of lynchings in US

22
Q

explain how evidence supporting de-individuation theory is inconclusive

A

prosocial behaviour - when people behave in a helpful way

meta analysis showed that sometimes being in a larger group meant more people were kind

found that de-individuation had only a weak effect on aggression

people in larger groups sometimes acted more aggressively as long as the aggression was justified

23
Q

prosocial behaviour

A

when people behave in a helpful way

24
Q

explain how there are gender differences in de-individuation theory

A

one researcher found that groups of male participants there was more de-individuation

can’t account for gender differences

group setting had no effect on female participants

de-individuation can’t explain why women don’t become aggressive

25
frustration
when a person gets upset because they have been prevented from achieving a goal
26
frustration-aggression hypothesis
states that people behave aggressively because they have been blocked from achieving their goals states all aggression is caused by frustration
27
catharsis
when a person is released from feelings or frustration
28
stages of frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration aggression catharsis
29
displacement
if we feel like we can't direct our aggression at the person or thing that caused us to feel frustrated, we redirect our aggressive impulse towards someone or something else
30
3 factors that increase aggression according to frustration-aggression hypothesis
proximity to the goal effectiveness of aggression justifiability
31
how does 'proximity to the goal' increase aggression?
closer we are to the goal, more likely we are to behave aggressively if the goal is blocked
32
how does 'effectiveness of aggression' increase aggression?
more effective aggression is for helping us reach a goal, more likely we are to behave aggressively
33
how does 'justifiability' increase aggression?
more likely to be aggressive if the frustrating situation blocking their goal isn't justified
34
how doob and sears' study supports the frustration-aggression hypothesis
gave participants a frustrating and non-frustrating scenario asked participants written questions regarding how they would behave in each scenario self-report questionnaire angrier in frustrating scenario
35
how pastore's study supports the frustration-aggression hypothesis
manipulated the scenarios sometimes they were justified and unjustified more aggressive when situation was unjustified e.g. bus drove past them when it was full or bus drove past when it was empty tested justifiability
36
how the frustration-aggression hypothesis can be applied to real-world scenarios
Prik's found that Swedish football fans display more aggression when their team is performing worse than expected goal of team winning was blocked made them feel aggressive catharsis
37
how there may be a lack of research support for the frustration-aggression hypothesis
according to FAH, expressing aggression should make a person feel better bushman (2002) made all participants angry by getting confederate to criticise an essay they had written group 1 - hit punching bag while thinking of confederate group 2 - hit punching bag while thinking about keeping fit group 3 - no punching bag questionnaire about how angry they felt group 1 - should've felt least angry group 3 should've felt most angry bushman found that aggression didn't lead to catharsis
38
explain how the frustration-aggression hypothesis doesn't account for gender differences
frustration-aggression hypothesis doesn't predict that gender will have an effect on aggression men are more likely to be aggressive than women frustration-aggression hypothesis suffers from gender bias/beta bias e.g. biological explanation states men are more aggressive because they have more testosterone