Aggression

Question 1

What is a social-psychological explanation of aggression conducted by Bandura?

Answer 1

Social Learning theory

Question 2

What are the 4 stages learnt during social learning theory?

Answer 2

1. Observation- Aggressive behaviour is observed perhaps on TV and the person displaying the aggressive behaviour is the model.
2. Retention- A mental representation of the behaviour is retained and remembered for future reference.
3. Reproduction- Aggressive behaviour is imitated
4. Motivation- If a person is positively reinforced then they will likely to repeat the behaviour.
   If negatively reinforced then unlikely to repeat the behaviour.

Question 3

What are the factors likely to affect imitation in the social learning theory?

Answer 3

1. Self Efficacy- Refers to our perceived abilities i.e. whether we think we can carry something off
2. Similarity- How similar we are to the model based on gender, age, ethnicity etc
3. Vicarious reinforcement- The reaction the model receives by either positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement.

Question 4

What study supports the role of social learning theory?

Answer 4

Bandura et al’s BOBO doll study
6 groups
1 and 2: put in a room with toys and the doll and an adult entered the room and starts attacking the doll and saying phrases like POW, then taken to another room where attractive toys and told these were reserved for better children in an attempt to frustrate them. Taken to a third room with the Bobo doll and behaviour is monitored.

3 and 4: same procedure but watched the adult attack the doll on a film

5: same procedure but watched Herman the cat behave aggressively to the doll
6: Control group- watched no aggression

Question 5

What were the findings of the Bobo doll study?

Answer 5

Groups 1-5 imitated the aggressive behaviour, they violently attacked the bobo doll and used the same moves and phrases shown by the adults - shows children will imitate the aggression and how observation learning has an impact on the development of aggressive behaviour.

Question 6

What study by Bandura et al supports the role of Vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 6

Rocky and Johnny
Used 4 groups of nursery children in which they watched a five minute film showing two adult models Rocky and Johnny playing together with toys.
Group 1: Saw Johnny playing with the toys, Rocky asks if he can play with them and Johnny says no. Rocky starts hitting Johnny several times with a ball and baton and Johnny is seen sitting in a corner while Rocky plays enthusiastically and has been positively reinforced for his aggression.

Group 2: Saw a different version where Rocky is punished and is thoroughly thrashed by Johnny who leaves with all the toys, Rocky is punished for his aggression.

Group 3: Saw Rocky and Johnny playing non aggressively

Group 4: Saw no film
Each group taken to a play room with the same toys and observed

Found that children in group 1 showed significantly higher aggression levels in play than other groups.

Shows that not all aggression observed causes aggression as group 2 would also show aggression. Shows the reinforcement received will decide whether the imitation will be carried out.

Question 7

What validity is lowered in Bandura’s research?

Answer 7

• Low ecological validity - all participants attended nursery at same university and the building probably seems artificial so may behave unnaturally
• Low population validity- Can’t explain the development of aggression in adults

Question 8

What is a study by Onyskiw (2000) to support Banduras research?

Answer 8

Sampled over 11000 children aged 4-11 and they had their mothers complete questionnaires about themselves and their partners as parents. Found children who witnessed aggression more often were themselves more aggressive
Shows children may learn to be aggressive through observational learning -actual real life situations

Question 9

What is a study by Werner (2001) to support Banduras research?

Answer 9

Looked at different models, so childrens school peers.
Two samples of nine year olds - one sample had high levels of aggression and other sample had low levels of aggression. Children then asked who their 3 bffs were and they were assessed for aggression. Their behaviour was monitored over a year
They found that the children who had initially low levels of aggression but had aggressive friends gradually became more aggressive
Shows learnt to be aggressive through observing peers

Question 10

What is a study by Phillips (1986) to support Banduras research?

Answer 10

Monitored all heavyweight boxing matches between 1973-1978 and found a rise in homicide rates following these matches. Found rates rose by 12.5% in the three days following the match and then decreased to 6.6% four days after the match. Also found that there was a large increase in homicide rates for those fights that had the largest viewing figures and when a white boxer was defeated homicide victims were likely to be white and vice versa. Supports SLT as an explanation for adult aggression

Question 11

What are the issues and debates involved with SLT?

Answer 11

• Takes nurture side as doesn’t consider biology
• Deterministic - doesn’t allow people to have free will where they wouldn’t harm anybody even if observed aggressive behaviour.

Question 12

What is a social-psychological explanation of aggression?

Answer 12

Deindividuation

Question 13

What is deindividuation?

Answer 13

Loss of personal identity and a sense of anonymity, end up feeling less responsible for our actions

Question 14

What are the three main causes of deindividuation?

Answer 14

1. Crowds
   2.Costume/Clothing
   3.Darkness
   The Klu Klux Klan are an example of this in action

Question 15

How does deindividuation cause aggression?

Answer 15

1. Weakens inhibitions - theory states we are all naturally aggressive but we are scared of being found out so deindividuation allows people a release of normal social acceptable ways
2. Heightens people’s responsiveness to external cues- When we are in a crowd we are more suggestible to what is going on around us and the aggression will spread like a disease
3. Increases conformity to norms - If in a large group we do what the others are doing in order to fit in so we behave aggressively if the group does.

Question 16

What are the issues and debates involved with deindividuation?

Answer 16

Deterministic - doesn’t explain that people have free-will and may not want to join in with aggressive groups

Question 17

What is a supporting study for deindividuation by Zimbardo (1969)?

Answer 17

Female undergraduates were required to deliver electric shocks to another student as an aid of learning. Half the participants wore bulky lab coats and hoods, these were spoken to in groups of 4 and never referred to by name
Other half wore their normal clothes with a name badge and were introduced by name, they could also see eachother dimly whilst giving the shocks
Both sets of of participants could see the person in extreme discomfort.
Found that the hooded participants gave twice as much shock as the others
Showed the ones that were dressed up felt anonymous and more individual.

Question 18

What is a problem with Zimbardo’s study for deindividuation?

Answer 18

Argued that the outfits the hooded group wore were very similar to the KKK and the uniform acted as a demand characteristic and led USA participants to believe that more extreme behaviour was expected by them

Question 19

What is a support of the Zimbardo study’s criticism by Johnson and Downing (1979)?

Answer 19

Found that when participants wore surgical masks and gowns they delivered significantly less electric shocks more than those who name was emphasised. Shows that the clothing led to a difference in behaviour- Johnson and Downings participants would’ve responded to their costumes in a positive way as surgeons are meant to be helpful and caring.

Question 20

What is a supporting study of deindividuation by Mullen (1986)?

Answer 20

Analysed newspaper reports of lynch mob violence in the US from 1899-1946. Found that the more people in a mob the more violent the lynching
Shows large groups causes deindividuation

Question 21

What is a supporting study of deindividuation by Rehm et al (1987)?

Answer 21

Carried out an experiment on German children, divided into five a side teams to play hand ball. One team played in normal clothes and others had orange shirts on, those in orange shirts played significantly more aggressively
Shows costumes can lead to deindividuation

Question 22

What is a refuting study against deindividuation by Gergen et al? (1973)

Answer 22

Put 6 men and 6 women into either a normally lit room or a dark room. Left them for an hour and didn’t tell them they had to d anything. Observed them. The darkness group spent first 15 mins exploring the room and 30 mins were in deeper conversation and the final fifteen minutes were physical.
Half the participants hugged eachother, some became intimate and 80% reported feeling sexually aroused
People in the dark should’ve acted aggressively?

Question 23

What are the biological explanations of aggression?

Answer 23

The role of neural mechanisms in aggression
The role of hormonal mechanisms in aggression
The role of genetic factors in aggression

Question 24

What brain structure has been linked to the cause of aggression?

Answer 24

The amygdala and serotonin and dopamine

Question 25

How does the amygdala play a role in the cause of aggression?

Answer 25

The amygdala forms part of the limbic system which controls emotions - linked to aggressive outbursts. An early experiment by Kluver and Bucy (1939) removed the whole entire temporal lobe from monkeys, found that the monkeys became much more docile showing aggression could be caused by this part of the brain, further studies narrowed this down to the amygdala.

Question 26

Who is Charles Whitman (1966)?

Answer 26

Stimulation of the amygdala case study - Charles killed his mother and wife then climbed a tower at a university and shot at several students. He killed 14 students and injured 44. A post mortem showed he had a cancerous tumour on his amygdala which would apply pressure to it and therefore stimulate it and cause aggression.

Question 27

What is a supporting study of the amygdala by Narabayashi (1961)?

Answer 27

Developed a procedure called 'amygdalotomy' which involves destroying the amygdala and was used on patients with extreme levels of aggression, went on to have great success for the procedure where 43/51 patients showed a decrease in aggression - could have just been due to brain damage and removal of part of the brain.

Question 28

What is a supporting study of the amygdala by Raine et al? (1997)

Answer 28

Carried out PET scans on a group of murderers (a measure of aggression) and a group of controls. They found that the murderers did have abnormalities in the amygdala

Question 29

What is the link between serotonin and aggression?

Answer 29

Serotonin is a chemical that keeps us calm. It's suggested that low levels of serotonin make us more aggressive as it inhibits the calming effect. Low levels have been linked to violent impulsions, suicide and aggression.

Question 30

What is the link between dopamine and aggression?

Answer 30

Dopamine is responsible for most things. Suggested that high levels of dopamine have been linked to aggression. Not as strong link between serotonin and aggression

Question 31

What is a study supporting the link between serotonin and aggression by Raleigh et al (1991)?

Answer 31

Used an independent groups design on two groups of monkeys. One group was fed a diet high in tryptophan which is a building block for serotonin and the second group were fed a diet low in tryptophan. Found the first group showed a decrease in aggression whereas the second group showed an increase.

Question 32

What is a supporting study of serotonin and aggression by Mann et al? (1990)

Answer 32

Gave 35 healthy participants a drug called dexfenfluramine and its known to decrease serotonin. A questionnaire to assess hostility and aggression found that this drug caused an increase in hostility and aggression in their male participants but not female. Supports that serotonin being decreased causes aggression but cant explain female participants

Question 33

What is a supporting study of serotonin and dopamine causing aggression by Ferrari et al?(2003)

Answer 33

Allowed a rat to fight every day for 10 days at the same time, on the 11th day the animal was not allowed to fight and they measured its serotonin and dopamine levels which were low and high respectively. Shows an animal that is going to be aggressive has the levels in the theory.

Question 34

What is a supporting study of serotonin but not dopamine by Scerbo and Raine (1993)?

Answer 34

Carried out a meta analysis on 29 studies published prior to 1992 looking at neurotransmitter levels in anti-social children and adults. Found lower levels of serotonin in these people but found their levels of dopamine to be stable.

Question 35

What is a supporting study of dopamine by Couppis and Kennedy (2008)?

Answer 35

Investigated the relationship of dopamine by firstly looking at whether dopamine increases feelings of pleasure. They found that in mice performing an aggressive act led to the reward pathway in the brain being activated and dopamine levels increasing. Dopamine acted as a positive reinforcer and so may have been the factor that encouraged the mice to act aggressively in the future. Can explain why aggression continues once it occurs.

Question 36

What are the three issues and debates with serotonin and dopamine when concerned with aggression?

Answer 36

- Nature side - Reductionist - Socially sensitive (says aggression is out of our conscious control)

Question 37

What are the hormones involved in the hormone mechanisms in aggression?

Answer 37

Testosterone

Question 38

Why has testosterone been linked to aggression?

Answer 38

``` Made based on the fact that men are known to be more aggressive than women. Kalat (1998) noted that official statistics tell us that people commit the most violent crimes between the ages of 15-25. This is the age that testosterone levels peak and this demonstrates a link between testosterone and aggression. Also Beeman (1947) castrated male mice and found their aggression levels decreased he then injected them with testosterone again and their levels resumed to normal. ```

Question 39

What is a supporting study for testosterone being the cause of aggression by Van Goozen et al (1994)?

Answer 39

Studied 35 female-male and 15 male-female transsexuals. Completed a questionnaire to assess their proneness to aggression before and after transsexual treatment. Female-male given testosterone and it was found that their aggression proneness increased. Showed a direct link between increased aggression and testosterone

Question 40

What is a supporting study for testosterone being the cause of aggression by Dabbs et al (1995)?

Answer 40

Investigated the relationship between testosterone, crime and prison behaviour. Measured the amount of testosterone in 692 male prisoners' saliva and found that those who had committed crimes involving sex and violence had higher testosterone levels than inmates who had committed crimes like burglary and theft. High testosterone males also violated more prison rules by confrontation.

Question 41

What is a refuting study for testosterone being the cause of aggression by Bain et al? (1987)?

Answer 41

Found no significant differences in the testosterone levels of men who had been charged with murder or violent assault and men who had committed burglary. Casts doubt on Dabbs et al research and whether it is testosterone that is the cause.

Question 42

What is research by Bernhardt (1997) that shows that testosterone plays a less straightforward role in aggression?

Answer 42

Believes that testosterone does play a part in aggression but in conjuction with low levels of serotonin. He argued that testosterone is produced in response to issues involving a need to show dominance and if a man finds his dominance questioned then his testosterone will make him react to this. Having low levels of serotonin will mean he is unable to control his need to show dominance and so aggression will show. Shows aggression plays a role but no the sole role.

Question 43

What is research by Klinesmith (2006) that shows that testosterone plays a less straightforward role in aggression?

Answer 43

Questioned the role of cause and effect, say that high levels of testosterone come first and cause a person to be aggressive , however it could be that aggression comes first which increases testosterone levels. Also found that exposure to a gun causes testosterone levels to rise- aggression comes first and raises testosterone levels.

Question 44

What are the three issues and debates involved with testosterone causing aggression?

Answer 44

- Nature side of nature/nurture debate - Deterministic - Socially sensitive

Question 45

What role do genetic factors have in causing aggression?

Answer 45

Argues that aggression is carried in genes and if your parents have it then you are likely to be an aggressive person. Proved by certain aggressive dogs being bred and dangerous dogs not being bred because genetically known to be aggressive.

Question 46

What is a supporting study of genetic factors by Stevenson and Goodman (2001)?

Answer 46

Used 828 randomly selected children and assessed them at age 3 for bedwetting, temper tantrums, poor concentration and inability to get on with siblings. As adults 82 were convicted of crimes, 26 of them were violent. Those who had committed the violent crimes were the most aggressive as 3 year olds - must have a genetic cause Only shows a weak link though

Question 47

What gene is said to be involved in causing aggression?

Answer 47

MAOA gene

Question 48

What is the MAOA gene?

Answer 48

It's job is to produce enzymes to break down neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. If these aren't broken down properly aggression can result. - Sometimes there can be a mutated MAOA gene which means its faulty and can't break down properly - Also two variants of the gene (MAOA-L) which is the low and (MAOA-H) which is the high. If you have the low variant then not as many enzymes are produced to break down the neurotransmitters - makes you at risk of developing aggression.

Question 49

What is a supporting study of the MAOA gene by Brunner et al (1993)?

Answer 49

Studied the case of a Dutch family who had a history of violence in male members. A female member finally confessed to their behaviours and reported that one of them tried to rape his sister, another tried to run someone over and made his sister undress at knifepoint. The researchers examined 28 members of the family. Found all the male members had a defective MAOA gene but none of the non-aggressive men did. Women also had it so had potential to pass it on. Strong link between genes and aggression.

Question 50

What is a supporting study of the MAOA gene by Caspi et al (2002)?

Answer 50

Carried out a longitudinal study of 1037 children over 25 years. Found that males with a MAOA L gene were more than twice as likely to have been diagnosed with a conduct disorder in adolescence and three times more likely to commit a violent crime by 26. Not all committed crimes though

Question 51

What are the issues and debates of genetic factors?

Answer 51

- Nature side of nature/nurture debate - Deterministic - Socially sensitive

Question 52

What is institutional aggression?

Answer 52

Any aggression that is influenced by the institution in which it takes place e.g. prisons or bullying in a school.

Question 53

What is the importation model?

Answer 53

Irwin and Cressey (1962) developed the importation model to explain institutional aggression by prisoners. Argued that it's the person not the place that causes aggression , as aggressive individuals import their aggression into the prison, also explains why people are drawn to certain job roles like the army.

Question 54

What is a supporting study of the importation model by Harer and Steffensmeier (2006)?

Answer 54

Collected data from 58 prisons and found that black inmates had significantly higher rates of violent behaviour but lower rates of alcohol and drug related misconduct than white inmates. These patterns parallel racial differences in society and therefore shows how they have imported their behaviour.

Question 55

What is a supporting study by Keller and Wang (2005) about the importation model?

Answer 55

Found that prison violence is more likely to occur in facilities that have the most troublesome inmates, found that prisons holding maximum security inmates had higher levels of assault on staff than prisons with lower security inmates. Shows that natural traits of the prisoners has caused them to be aggressive rather than the environment.

Question 56

What is a limitation of the importation model by Zimbardo et al (1973)?

Answer 56

US college students were checked for physical and psychological wellbeing and were then randomly allocated to the role of either prisoner or prison guard in a fake prison environment. Found that the prisoners did not show any violence in this situation but found that the guards became quite brutal and forced the prisoners to do humiliating things. If the importation model was correct we would expect the guards to not be violent because they were checked for psychological well being plus they were all randomly allocated to their roles.

Question 57

What is a supporting study by Sorenson et al (2011) of the importation model?

Answer 57

Found recently that prisoners serving sentences for violent offences were significantly more likely than other prisoners to assault staff. Showed that prisoners with a history of violence were four times more likely to commit serious assaults against staff. Showing that their aggression is imported because of a product of their personality.

Question 58

What is a supporting study of the importation model by DeLisi (2004)?

Answer 58

Looked at records of 831 male inmates sampled from South Western USA to look at the prison violence records of inmates involved in street gangs and prison gangs. There was a small but significant relationship between gang membership and prison aggression. Could be that culture imports peoples aggression.

Question 59

What is the issue and debate involved with the importation model?

Answer 59

Takes the nature side of the nature/nurture debate

Question 60

What is the deprivation model?

Answer 60

Opposite view to the importation model, blames the place and not the people. The place makes the people feel deprived and Sykes came up with 5 things the prisoners are deprived off: 1. Deprivation of liberty (Prisoners can't be trusted and lose their civil rights) 2. Deprivation of autonomy (Prisoners have no choice) 3. Deprivation of goods and services (Prisoners don't have possessions) 4. Deprivation of heterosexual relationships (Prisoners lose their relationships and many turn to homosexuality which causes anxiety) 5. Deprivation of security ( Prisoners fear for their safety due to aggressive people.

Question 61

What is a strength of the deprivation model by Hodgkinson et al?(1985)

Answer 61

Found that trainee nurses are more likely to suffer violent assault than experienced nurses. Shows that staff experience rather than personality can cause aggression in institutions

Question 62

What is a strength of the deprivation model by Light? (1990)

Answer 62

Studied aggressive acts committed in prisons. He found that motives behind aggressive acts were consistent with the deprivation model. Found that over 25% of assaults committed on prison staff had no apparent motive, suggests they were feeling stressed and frustrated due to the environment.

Question 63

What is a strength of the deprivation model by Wilson (2005)?

Answer 63

Found that reduced levels of crowding, heat and noise at HMP Woodhill led to a dramatic reduction in aggressive behaviour among inmates- Shows that environmental factors can cause aggression

Question 64

What is a limitation of the deprivation model by McCorkle et al (1995)?

Answer 64

Argues that the stresses of prison life are constant whereas serious outbreaks of violence are not - if deprivation model true then we'd expect to see much more outbreaks of violence.

Question 65

What is an issue with the deprivation model?

Answer 65

Takes the nurture side, ignores the role of the importation model.

Question 66

What are the three evolutionary explanations to explain aggression?

Answer 66

- Sexual Jealousy and Infidelity - Group display in humans - Sports

Question 67

What is the evolutionary explanation of aggressive behaviour in relation to sexual jealousy and infidelity?

Answer 67

Aggressive behaviour was present in our evolutionary past due to sexual jealousy which is where you are jealous to the fact your partner could be having a relationship with someone else and infidelity is where you know your partner has cheated on you. -In past times as female carry their offspring during gestation they can know that the child is 100% theirs but a male could be cuckolded and this is something they don't want to happen as they want to continue their genes. Two types of aggression that a man may have shown to ensure he is not being cuckolded is: 1. Mate guarding- Being aggressive to a rival male or to his partner 2. Killing the female mate - Ensuring that another mans genes aren't being passed on

Question 68

What are the issues and debates involved with sexual jealousy and infidelity?

Answer 68

- Deterministic | - Socially sensitive

Question 69

What is a supporting study of the explanation of sexual jealousy and infidelity by Daly and Wilson? (1982)

Answer 69

Took a sample of 80 murders where the victim and the murderer were married or living together, victims were 44 husbands and 36 wives. 29% of these conflicts arouse as a result of sexual jealousy. Links with this study has shown that the conflict was instigated by the man and the woman killed them in defence. Shows sexual jealousy is a motivating factor behind most murders

Question 70

What is another supporting study of the explanation of sexual jealousy and infidelity by Daly and Wilson? (1985)

Answer 70

In another study they looked 214 cases of murder and found that sexual jealousy was the motivating factor in 58 cases - shows sexual jealousy can be linked to such an aggressive drive.

Question 71

What is another supporting study of the explanation of sexual jealousy and infidelity by Miller (1980)?

Answer 71

Study was carried out on 44 battered wives living in a hostel. 55% of women said that the reason for their husbands aggression was jealousy. Actual infidelity was the reason for assault in 11 of the cases but the beatings were often motivated by suspicion or fear of adultery.

Question 72

What is a limitation of the evolutionary explanation of sexual jealousy?

Answer 72

Cant explain when women are aggressive to men about sexual jealousy as the woman wouldn't have fought the man as needs him for protection and resources to ensure survival of their offspring

Question 73

What is the evolutionary explanation for group display in humans linked to warfare?

Answer 73

Warfare in evolutionary times served many adaptive functions, these include: - Having the protection of a group - Better chance of survival if in a group to pass on genes and have healthy offspring - Demonstrating the strength needed to attract a mate - If a male comes back unscathed from a fight then females will want him as their father to their offspring and they are shown as attractive and strong. - To gain resources such as land- If a community finds themselves over populated then they have to have a war in order to ensure they have the pick of female mates. - As a means of 'kin preference' the continuation of the genes from your people- Makes sense to eliminate certain groups in order to make sure you're genes have a greater chance of survival - To ensure procreation (in cases of war rape)- its common in war torn countries for women to be raped by the enemy. Kong (2008) says that this is due to the enemy being fearful for their life so turn to rape to pass on their genes.

Question 74

What are the issues and debates of the evolutionary explanation linked to group display in humans due to warfare?

Answer 74

Nature side - only explains that they are going to war in order to procreate and pass on genes. Socially sensitive- legitimises rape as a way to pass on genes

Question 75

What is a strength of the evolutionary explanation linked to group display and warfare to do with the Yanomamo tribe?

Answer 75

Idea that successful warriors are seen as more attractive to women is supported by looking at this tribe. The men in this tribe that have the most children and wives are the most successful warriors. Most people that go to war are male so shows that it could be a demonstration of war.

Question 76

What is a strength of the evolutionary explanation linked to group display and warfare to do with genocide?

Answer 76

Most wars involve genocide when its attempted to remove a whole race e.g. Jews in the Holocaust. This is consistent with the notion of kin preference as it supports that if we eliminate races our genes are likely to be passed on.

Question 77

What is a strength of the evolutionary explanation linked to group display and warfare to do with Diamond (1991)? `

Answer 77

Has produced evidence that is consistent with the evolutionary argument that many wars are a result of the need for land and resources. Reported that by 1991 63% of countries involved in 20th century wars engaged in war for resource reasons

Question 78

What is a limitation of the evolutionary explanation linked to group display and warfare? `

Answer 78

Unfalsifiable- Can't be proved that the reasons that people engage in warfare are based around evolutionary traits

Question 79

What is the evolutionary explanation for group display in humans linked to sports?

Answer 79

Sports involve an element of competition which occasionally can cause aggressive outbursts Assumed on the fact that it is mainly men who play sports and linked to evolutionary times want to make himself look attractive to members of the opposite sex. 1. Salary- The top sports players earn a lot of money and this will be attractive to females as shows that they can provide for their offspring. 2. Demonstrates strength- Most sports involve the players being in peak fitness and this will indicates that males will be able to look after and protect her offspring. 3. Demonstrates group cohesion- By taking part in a team sport you are making yourself part of something bigger = better protection. Also can explain why fans follow teams so passionately because the fans can bask in reflective glory and this is associated with being part of a successful group which would attract females. Some turn to violence and this demonstrates strength.

Question 80

What is an issue and debate associated with group display and sports?

Answer 80

Nature side, ignores any other reasons to why people take part in events.

Question 81

What is a supporting study of group display and sports by Cialdini et al? (1976)

Answer 81

Found that after a University football team had done well the students at the university showed a greater tendency to wear clothes that identified them as belonging to that university. Supports the theory of basking in reflective glory in order to look more attractive to potential mates.

Question 82

What is a limitation of group display and sports linked with females?

Answer 82

Can't explain why females engage in sports and can't explain the motivation of females to choose to play sports. Men should be looking for attractiveness and youthfulness not power and strength.

Question 83

What is a limitation of group display and sports?

Answer 83

Unfalsifiable, Can't be proven that this is why men play sports in order to attract a mate.