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Psychology Paper Three > Aggression Essays > Flashcards

Aggression Essays Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Pardini et al’s procedure into the Amygdala?

A

A longitudinal study into male ppts from childhood to adulthood, some 56 of ppts had histories of violence and were subjected to MRIs at the age of 26.

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2
Q

What did Pardini et al find in their study into the Amygdala?

A

Ppts with lower Amygdala volumes had higher levels of aggression and violence.

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3
Q

How is the Amygdala involved in aggression?

A

Quickly evaluates the emotional importance of sensory information, forming an appropriate response and this may lead to an aggressive response.

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4
Q

How is the Hippocampus involved in Aggression?

A

It allows comparison of previous memories to a recent one, meaning that past threats may lead to people acting aggressive to recent threats.

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5
Q

What was Raine et al’s procedure into the Hippocampus?

A

Studied two groups of violent criminals: one were the ‘successful psychopaths’ (evaded the law) and the other were the ‘unsuccessful psychopaths’ (faced convictions).

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6
Q

What did Raine et al find in their study into the Hippocampus?

A

Found that the ‘successful’ group were described to be “cold/calculating criminals” whereas the others were impulsive. Found the Hippocampus in the ‘successful’ group were different sizes in either hemisphere, which was though to have arisen in early brain development.

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7
Q

How is Serotonin involved in Aggression?

A

It exerts a calming effect on neuronal firing in the brain and inhibits the Amygdala from firing. Low levels of this means that there is no inhibitory effect so the Amygdala is more active and therefore there is no reduction of aggression.

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8
Q

What was Duke et al’s procedure into Serotonin?

A

A meta-analysis of 175 studies involving 6500 ppts.

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9
Q

What did Duke et al find in their study into Serotonin?

A

Found a small relationship between serotonin levels and aggression but the magnitude depended on the methods used, the year the study was conducted or whether it was self-reported or not.

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10
Q

How is Testosterone involved in Aggression?

A

Assumes that there is a role in regulating behaviour and it is thought men are more aggressive as they have a higher concentration.

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11
Q

What was Dabbs et al’s procedure into Testosterone?

A

Measure salivary testosterone in non-violent and violent criminals.

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12
Q

What did Dabbs et al find in their study into Testosterone?

A

Those with high-levels of testosterone had a history of violent crimes and those with low-levels had a history of non-violent crimes.

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13
Q

What did Carré and Olmstead suggest about Serotonin?

A

Claimed that the levels fluctuate and this is due to the context of changes in the environment. This appears to influence aggressive behaviour by increasing Amygdala reactivity during the processing of social threats.

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14
Q

What are the Neural and Hormonal explanations of Aggression?

A

Limbic System (Amygdala and Hippocampus)
Serotonin
Testosterone

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15
Q

What was Coccaro’s procedure into Twin Studies?

A

Adult male MZ and DZ twins were studies for the concordance rate of aggression.

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16
Q

What did Coccaro find in his study?

A

MZ twins had a concordance rate of 50% and DZ had a concordance rate of 19%.

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17
Q

What is Hutchings and Mednick’s procedure into Adoption Studies?

A

Studied over 14000 adoptions in Denmark.

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18
Q

What did Hutchings and Mednick find in their study?

A

Adopted boys with criminal convictions had biological parents with convictions for criminal violence.

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19
Q

How is MAOA involved in Aggression?

A

An enzyme that breaks down serotonin and a dysfunctional one produces low levels of Serotonin which leads to aggression.

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20
Q

What was Brunners procedure into MAOA?

A

28 male members of a large Dutch family who were involved in impulsively aggressive crimes like rape, attempted murder and physical assault.

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21
Q

What did Brunners find in his study?

A

The 28 men had low levels of MAOA in their brains.

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22
Q

What was Caspi et al’s procedure into the MAOA gene?

A

Studied 500 male children.

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23
Q

What did Caspi et al find in their study?

A

Two variants of the MAOA gene, which were MAOA-H and MAOA-L. Children with the MAOA-L variant were more likely to exhibit anti-social behaviour, but only if they were mistreated. This is also known as the warrior gene.

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24
Q

What are the Genetic Explanations of Aggression?

A

Twin and Adoption studies
MAOA gene

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25
What is a negative of the Genetic Factors affecting Aggression? (Animal Studies)
MAOA was originally found in animals meaning that it lacks population validity as it cannot be generalisable.
26
What is a positive of the Genetic Factors affecting Aggression? (Research Support)
Ppts decided whether to give money for good or not and it was found that males with the H variant were more cooperative and friendly compared to L variant.
27
What is a negative to the Genetic Factors in Aggression? (Gender Bias)
The research is only into males meaning that it is not generalisable to women and it assumes women act this way.
28
What is negative to the Genetic Factors affecting aggression? (Other Factors)
Neural and Hormonal factors may be at play meaning that we cannot just assume it is genetic.
29
What was Lorenz’s theory into Aggression?
Proposed certain behaviours are inherited and innate behaviours appear in reflexes and Fixed Axrion Patterns (FAPs).
30
What is the process of the FAPs?
Stimulus > Innate Releasing Mechanism > Fixed Action Pattern
31
What is the procedure into male Sticklebacks?
Sticklebacks were presented with a series of wooden models varying in shape as they are highly territorial during spring mating season.
32
What did the study in Sticklebacks find?
Regardless of the shape, the fish attacked the model if it had the same red spot. The Sticklebacks initiated their FAP and this was unchanging and once started could not be stopped.
33
What are the Ethological Explanations into Aggression?
IRMs FAPs
34
What is a positive of the Ethological Explanations of Aggression? (Explanatory)
The explanations have explanatory explanations as it has allowed for an expansion of how we think about the causes of human behaviour as theories have emphasise causes of behaviours.
35
What is a negative of the Ethological Explanations of aggression? (Animal)
It lacks population validity as animals are used meaning that it cannot be fully generalised to humans.
36
What is a negative of the Ethological Explanations of Aggression? (Culture)
Research has found that aggressive behaviour may be more common in some human cultures as there was a north-south divide with the south having more common killings in the US.
37
What is a negative of the Ethological Explanations of Aggression? (Others)
There may be other explanations like the evolutionary explanation that we need to consider.
38
What was Buss et al’s procedure into Sexual Jealousy?
Conducted a cross-cultural questionnaire where ppts were presented with a hypothetical of being in a committed serious relationship and that person fell in love with someone else. They were asked was caused the most emotional distress, sexual intercourse or emotional attachments.
39
What did Buss et al find in their study?
More men reported that sexual infidelity was more distressing, on average 51% of men and 22% of women reported this to be more distressing.
40
What were the Mate Retention Strategies identified by Wilson and Daly?
Direct Guarding = men having vigilance over partner’s behaviour Negative inducements = men using threats of dire consequences
41
What was Shackelford et al’s procedure into MRS?
Studied 107 recently married couples (less than 1 year married) and gave the men the Mate Retention Inventory and gave the women the Spouse Influence Report.
42
What did Shackelford et al find in their study?
A positive correlation between men’s reports and women’s reports. Men who used guarding or negative reinforcements were more likely to be physically violent.
43
What are the Evolutionary Explanations of Aggression?
Sexual Jealousy Darwin - survival of the fittest Infidelity
44
What is a positive of the Evolutionary Explanation? (Research)
Volk suggested bullying is used are a way to attract the opposite sex as he found that men and women use it to attract.
45
What is a positive of the Evolutionary Explanation? (Real Life)
Has allowed for an explanation for bullying as research found that bullies bully because they stand to gain advantages for themselves.
46
What is a negative of the Evolutionary Explanation? (Cultural)
In some cultures aggressive behaviour is discouraged from childhood and rare meaning that it cannot be generalise as every culture is different.
47
What is a positive of the Evolutionary Explanation? (Culture)
Researchers have found that human aggression is different across cultures and innate and determined by our genetically inherited genes.
48
What did Dollard suggest about aggression?
Aggression is a consequence of feeling frustrated and anger, hostility and violence are always the outcome.
49
What was Geen’s procedure into Frustration-Aggression?
Male uni students try to solve a jigsaw puzzle, there were 3 conditions: 1. The puzzle was impossible to solve, 2. a confederate kept interrupting so they ran out of time and 3. ppts were insulted as they failed to complete it. Then, they gave an electric shock to the confederate when they made a mistake on another task.
50
What did Geen find in his study?
Ppts in condition 3 gave the most shocks, followed by 2 and the. 1. All ppts gave the highest intensity shock.
51
What are the steps of the Social-Learning-Theory?
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation
52
What was Bandura’s procedure into the Social Learning Theory?
Studied male and female ppts ranging from ages 3-5, half were exposed to adult models interacting aggressively towards a Bobo doll (Striking it with a mallet, kicking it, shouting ‘POW’) and the other half were exposed to a non-aggressive role model. Following this, children were frustrated by being shown toys are they cannot have, and then taken into a room with a bobo doll and other toys.
53
What did Bandura find in his study?
Children in the aggressive condition reproduced verbal and physical aggression and the non-aggressive did not act aggressively. One-third in the aggressive condition retreated the verbal and boys reproduced more.
54
What is a positive of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis? (Real World)
Researchers found when teams performed worse than fans expected fans threw more stuff into the pitch aggressively.
55
What is a negative of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis? (Not all)
Other research has found that other factors like temperature are involved in aggression meaning that we cannot just think it is frustration.
56
What is a negative of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis? (Evidence)
Dollards models have been claimed to have no support, in research and real life.
57
What is a negative of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis? (Other)
Other explanations like the Social Learning theory have a play in aggression.
58
What is a positive of the Social Learning Theory? (Face Validity)
Bandura’s research has face validity meaning that it helps us explain why children might copy.
59
What is a negative of the Social Learning Theory? (Other)
Dollard implied that aggression is a result of frustration meaning that we cannot assume it is observation.
60
What is a negative of the Social Learning Theory? (Extraneous)
Bandura did not consider extraneous variables, like genetics and bio-chemical, as he e never gave them academic attention.
61
What is a negative of the Social Learning Theory? (Culture)
Bandura’s study has culture bias as he assumed that the learning process is all the same for everyone, universal.
62
What was Zimbardo’s study into the Role of Self-Awareness?
Studied groups of 4 female undergraduates to deliver electric shocks to ‘aid learning’. Half of the ppts wore bulky coats and hoods that hid their faces, sat in a separate cubicle and were not referred to by name but the other half were given large name tags, wore normal cloths and were introduced to the ppt, they were able to see each other.
63
What did Zimbardo find in his study?
Ppts in the deindividuation condition were more likely to press a button that they believed would shock the ‘victim’ and they held the button down for twice as long.
64
What is a positive of Deindividuation? (Real World)
Researchers found that the baiting crowd lent support to the deindividuation hypothesis.
65
What is a negative of Deindividuation? (Evidence)
Evidence into deindividuation is mixed as research into it have found different results.
66
What is a positive of Deindividuation? (Support)
Researchers found that teams in rugby, when wearing the same uniform, they acted more aggressive as they were deindividuated.
67
What is a negative of Deindividuation? (Gender)
Research has found gender differences meaning that we cannot generalise the behaviour to the wider population, as Bandura only studied females.
68
What was DeLisi et al’s procedure into The Importation Model?
Studied 183 juvenile delinquents in institutions in California. They were brought in weight dispositional features (childhood trauma, high anger, irritability, history of violence and substance abuse)
69
What did DeLisi et al find in their study?
These inmates were likely to engage in suicidal activity, sexual misconduct and committed more acts of physical violence.
70
What is a positive of The Importation Model? (Research Support)
Kane and Janus found that a number of violent offences related to the history of the offender, if the prison had low levels, they were more likely to be aggressive.
71
What is a negative of The Importation Model? (Contradictory)
A researcher suggested that poorly managed prisons are more likely to experience that most serious forms of violence.
72
What were Sykes’ key deprivations?
Liberty Autonomy Heterosexual Relationships Goods/services Security
73
What is a positive of the Deprivation Model? (Real Life)
A prison in Nottingham has landlines and statistics now show that the prison is safer due to this.
74
What is a negative of the Deprivation Model? (Contradictory)
Research found no relationship between involvement in partners visiting inmates for see and reduced aggressive behaviours.
75
What was Weisz and Earls’ procedure into Media Influences?
Showed ppts a feature film ‘Straw Dogs’ that contains a prolonged graphic rape scene and then they watched a re-enacted of a rape trial.
76
What did Weisz and Earls find in their study?
Male viewers showed greater acceptance of rape myths and sexual aggression and they experienced less sympathy to the victim. There was no effect on the women.
77
What is a positive of Desensitisation? (Research support)
A lab experiment supports this as it found ppts that played an aggressive game we’re more violent.
78
What is a positive of Desensitisation? (Lab )
The use of lab experiments to support this have high internal validity meaning that we can establish a cause and effect.
79
What is a negative of Desensitisation? (Lab)
A lab experiment means that it lacks ecological validity as it is an artificial environment.
80
What is a negative of Desensitisation? (Contradictory)
Researchers found that video games help male adolescents as they can release aggression rather than create it.
81
What are the features of Disinhibition?
Immediate Effect Long-Term Effect
82
What was Goranson’s procedure into Dishinibition?
Had ppts watch a film of a boxing match with two alternative endings, there was no consequence and the others the loser died.
83
What did Goranson find in his study?
Those who did not see the death ending they were more likely to behave aggressively after.
84
What is a negative of Disinhibition? (Other factors)
Researchers found that children are more likely to be affected meaning that age may be a factor at play.
85
What is positive of Disinhibition? (Research support)
Heath et al supports the idea of disinhibition as they found children who experience physical punishment were more likely to identify with violent heroes.
86
What was Bushman’s procedure into Cognitive Priming?
Undergraduate ppts watched a 15 minutes segment of either a violent or non-violent film.
87
What did Bushman find in his study?
Ppts who watched the violent segment reacted faster to violent words than the non-aggressive, but did not influence reactions to non-aggressive words.
88
What is a negative of Cognitive Priming? (Mundane realism)
The ppts watched a film meaning that it lacks mundane relaism and cannot be generalisable.
89
What is a negative of Cognitive Priming? (Realism)
Research found that violence was higher the more realistic the perceived violence was.
90
What are the Media Influences in Aggression?
Deindividuation Disinhibition Cognitive Priming

Psychology Paper Three (6 decks)

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