Agricultural Structures Flashcards
MRII - rev mats
1
Q
deals with the relation between the externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies assumed not ideally rigid.
A
Strength of Materials
2
Q
often refers to various methods of calculating stresses in structural members, such as beams, columns and shaft
A
Strength of Materials
3
Q
unit strength of a material; internal resistance to the action of external forces; force per unit area.
A
Stress
4
Q
the stress state when the material tends to contract/compact.
A
Compressive stress
5
Q
a loading that tends to produce stretching of a material by the application of axially directed pulling forces
A
Tensile stress
6
Q
happens when a force is applied to produce a sliding failure of a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the applied force.
A
Shear stress
7
Q
the change in geometry when stress is applied (in the form of force loading, gravitational field, acceleration, thermal expansion, etc.). _______ is expressed by the displacement field of the material.
A
Deformation
7
Q
the greatest unit stress a material can withstand without rupture.
A
Ultimate Stress
7
Q
compressive stress exerted on an external surface of a body by another body
A
Bearing stress
8
Q
the lowest stress that gives permanent deformation in a material.
A
Yield strength
9
Q
measure of the ability of the material to absorb and release energy in the plastic range.
A
Toughness
9
Q
a limit state of tensile stress that leads to tensile failure in the manner of ductile failure (yield as the first stage of failure, some hardening in the second stage and break after a possible “neck” formation)
A
Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength
9
Q
mathematical term to express the trend of the deformation change among the material field.
A
strain
9
Q
limit state of compressive stress that leads to compressive failure in the manner of ductile failure (infinite theoretical yield) or in the manner of brittle failure (rupture as the result of crack propagation, or sliding along a weak plane
A
Compressive strength
9
Q
Often measured with the Izod impact strength test or Charpy impact test, both of which measure the impact energy required to fracture a sample.
A
Impact strength
10
Q
the capability of the material in withstanding the suddenly applied loads in terms of energy.
A
Impact strength
10
Q
term to describe the magnitude to which a structural element bends under a load.
A
deflection
10
Q
a measure of the strength of a material or a component under cyclic loading, and is usually more difficult to assess than the static strength measures
A
Fatigue strength
10
Q
the relation between applied stress and the resulting strain is directly proportional (up to a certain limit), and a graph representing those two quantities is
a straight line.
A
straight line
11
Q
ratio of ultimate strength to allowable strength
A
Factor of safety
12
Q
the ability of a material to return to its previous shape after stress is released
A
Elasticity
12
Q
displacements of a specimen (for example a bar element) it is expressed as the quotient of the displacement and the length of the specimen
A
uniaxial loading
12
Q
indicates the ability of the material to deform in the plastic range without breaking.
A
Ductility
13
Q
also known as “Young’s Modulus” which is the slope of the line in a stress-strain graph.
A
Modulus of Elasticity
13
states that within the range of elastic behavior, the stress is proportional to strain.
Hooke’s Law
13
ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic range. Stiffness – resistance of a material to deformation in the elastic range.
Resilience
14
the opposite of elastic deformation and is accepted as unrecoverable strain. ______ is retained even after the relaxation of the applied stress.
Plasticity/ Plastic deformation
14
modulus of elasticity in shear.
Modulus of Rigidity
14
the point where the stress is exactly proportional to strain ends in the stress-strain graph.
Proportional limit
15
the point after which any continued stress results in permanent, or inelastic, deformation in a stress strain graph.
Elastic limit
16
the point when the stress resistence of the material decreases after the peak of the curve in the stress-strain graph.
Yield point
17
state that any axial deformation is always accompanied by a lateral contraction
Poisson’s Ratio
18
stress caused by elongation/contraction in the material as a result of temperature changes.
Thermal stress
19
the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.
Torsion
20
stresses caused by bending moments
Flexural stresses
21
forces that causes twisting motion.
torque
22
a member usually bent by transverse forces acting perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member.
Beam
23
supported at both ends usually with a pin and roller support
Simple beam
24
fixed at one end and free at the other end.
Cantilever beam
25
beam that extend beyond the support
Overhanging beam
26
beam that rest on more than two support and is treated as statically indeterminate.
Continuous beam
27
point of a body where the force (example – weight) acts.
Center of gravity / Centroid
28
type of load applied at a point in a beam (example – wheel load).
Concentrated load
29
load applied at a considerable length of beam (example – weight of concrete slab).
Uniformly distributed load
30
the greatest pitch in a series of rows of rivets.
Long Pitch
31
a load applied at a considerable length of beam or section which either increase or decrease in intensity
(example– water load on dam face)
Uniformly varying load
31
natural features of the topography should be used to shelter the farmstead from heavier winds. If such protection is not available, trees or shrubs should be planted.
Windbreaks
32
in riveted connection is the distance center to center of two rivets.
Pitch
32
as the distance between buildings is increased, the travel required in the performance of the chores is increased and the amount of cropland used for the farmstead becomes greater
Distance Between Buildings
33
smallest pitch in a series of rows of rivets
Short pitch
33
includes a group of rivets whose pattern recurs along the length of the joint.
Repeating section
33
includes silos and its components, farm roads and bridges, farm machinery sheds, farm houses, farm products storage and warehouses, buildings and structures
Agricultural Structure/Farm Structure
34
an area where farmhouses are located and considered as the center of farm enterprise
Farmstead
34
1. Located near the center of the farm or middle of the long side near the road or highway.
2. The site should have favorable elevation with good drainage.
3. Near to an electric power line.
4. Near the mail delivery route and water supply.
Features of Ideal Farmstead:
34
Distance between buildings should not be too far yet not near enough to allow some area between buildings as a means of reducing fire hazard. A distance of_______ is usually adequate.
75 ft or 29 m
35
it should have access to a public highway without the expense of maintaining an extensive private roadway
Location
35
the soil should be sufficiently well drained to provide suitable foundation for the construction.
Site Drainage
35
Factors Needed to Consider in Designing Farm Structure:
1. Location
2. Site Drainage
3. Distance Between Buildings
4. Windbreaks
35
insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive blot to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to operatives
pithing
35
compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time while it is being stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any substantial movement of the animal forward, backward or sideway
stunning pen
36
renders an animal insensible before it is killed
stunning
36
preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale
dressing
36
severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the heart by means of a knife and
“stuck” shall be constructed accordingly.
sticking
36
cleaning the carcass by burning the hair
singeing
36
remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling
bleeding
36
lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing
scalding
36
removal of the hair of the carcass
dehairing
37
suspending the carcass for particular operation
gambrelling
37
process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities
evisceration
38
dividing carcass into parts
splitting
39
all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats or swine that may be used for human consumption
carcass
40
edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats or swine
meat
41
part of internal organs of a slaughtered animal
offal
42
digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter
green offal
43
digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter
black offal
44
meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary examination
detained meat
44
meat which is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary examination
condemned meat
45
black or green offal
gut and tripe
46
any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens
lairage
47
building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags
warehouse
48
refers to cattle and carabao
large animals
48
refers to sheep, goat, and deer
small animals
48
animals are free to move in a pen while awaiting to be slaughtered
loose type
49
separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals
detention pen
49
pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered
tie-up type
49
building or place used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended for human consumption
slaughterhouse
50
process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes
fumigation
50
female between two to three years of age which has not given birth
heifer
50
_____ storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene and normally accommodates ______ kilos
bag storage, 44-45
50
paddy; rough rice; un-hulled grain or Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain
palay
51
pallet; “tarima”; wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor
dunnage
51
amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet basis
moisture content
51
moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between 0.07-0.28 cubic meter per minute per
ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve it quality
aeration
51
mature male goat
buck
52
doe without milk
dry doe
52
mature female goat that has kidded
doe
52
area with its physical facilities used for cattle fattening
feedlot
52
breeding male of any age
bull
53
young goat under six months old of either sex
kid
53
mature female sheep that has already lambed
ewe
53
sheep under six months of age
lamb
54
mature male sheep
ram
55
young male or female under one year of age
calf
55
mature female that has already calved
cow
56
enclosure for confining and handling livestock
corral
57
pen for confining animals from the pasture
holding pen
58
pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute
crowding pen
59
chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding chute/squeeze
working chute
60
area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening
feedlot
60
squeeze; use to restrain animals
holding chute
61
chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle
loading chute
62
plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/ sludge tank
biogas plant
62
one to two-year-old cattle of either six
yearling
62
animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas
loose housing
63
mature female that has already calved
caracow
63
act of giving birth
parturition
63
biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber from one unit
integrated plant
64
female carabao below two years of age which has not yet calved
caraheifer
64
mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 carbon dioxide) produced by methanogenic bacteria
biogas
65
layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall
backfill
65
digester and gas chamber form separate units
split-type plant
65
plant with series of digester
multi-digester plant
66
plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either float directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket
floating type
66
serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank to the digester
inlet pipe
66
closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement pit
fixed type
67
plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder
balloon type
67
holding tank; chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and separated from heavy and non biodegradable materials before feeding them into the digester.
collecting tank
67
mixture of manure and water
slurry
68
digestion; various processes that take place among the methanogens, non-methanogens and substrates fed into the digester as inputs
methanization
68
anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process, produce biogas
methanogens
68
space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of biogas
gas chamber
69
biodigester; bioreactor; anaerobic reactor; any water and air-tight container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization
digester
69
mixer; agitator; mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry
stirrer
69
residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed inside the digester
effluent
69
serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out
outlet pipe
69
settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass
sludge
70
amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day
loading rate
70
amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry
gas production rate
70
average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester for digestion
retention time
70
temperature range of 20°C – 40°C where mesophilic bacteria operates
mesophilic temperature rage
71
difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line
freeboard
71
organic material used to produce biogas
substrate
71
layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry
scum
71
level of slurry when the digesters is at full load
filling line
71
cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position at the desired biogas pressure
gasholder retainer
72
structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment favorable to plant growth can be attained
greenhouse
73
gutter connected; method of greenhouse construction where modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter
ridge and furrow greenhouse
74
addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source including the sun
heating
74
ventilation of greenhouse using fans
mechanical ventilation
75
removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse
cooling
75
prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse
shading
75
process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control temperature, humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels
ventilation
76
ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse
natural ventilation
76
(classes of concrete mixture) members not reinforced for bending stress
Class B
76
(classes of concrete mixture) for footing not under water
class c
76
mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and other inert materials, and water
concrete
76
(classes of concrete mixture) for beams, slabs columns, all members subjected to bending
class a
77
powder that when mixed with water can be a good binder for sand or gravel into a hard-solid mass.
cement
77
mixture of cement, sand, and water used for laying bricks or masonry; It is too weak to be used as materials for building.
Mortar
77
crushed stone, crushed gravel or gravel with diameter above 5 mm.
Coarse aggregate
77
in the form of crushed stone, sand, crushed gravel with 5-mm diameter and below.
Fine aggregates
77
should be clean and free from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkali, organic materials, or other deleterious substances.
Mixing Water
77
a materials held together by the paste formed of cement and water
Aggregates
77
concrete with high silica content and used for heat insulator for furnaces and other heat generating device.
Refractory Cement
77
term for walls, pillars, arches, and other structures by laying bricks, stone blocks, and other stone like materials such as hallow blocks.
Masonry
77
Classifications of Masonry Materials;
blocks, bricks, and tiles
77
ordinary brick used for walls and piers, backup for terra cotta, and other purposes that do not require a special color texture or shape.
Common Brick
77
especially manufactured for use as a facing material: particularly care is taken to assure good color and surface texture, regularity in shape and dimension, and other characteristics that may contribute to a desired architectural effect.
Face Brick
77
has a smooth glossy surface achieved in manufacture by firing at a high temperature after coating the unfired units with compounds that will fuse to provide a hard-impervious surface
Glazed Brick
77
widely used reinforcing material for almost all types of concrete construction. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression load and hundred times stronger in tensile strength.
Steel
77
a fibrous substance which composed the trunk and branches of the tree that lies between the pith and the bark.
wood
77
the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together the main reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position.
stirrups
77
are special brick composed of clay, silica, flint, and feldspar. They have a high fusing point and are suitable for FURNACE or FIREPLACE linings.
Fire Brick
77
wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber, etc.
lumber
77
a panel which are made of wood chips that have been exploded, leaving cellulose fibers and lignin
Hardboard
77
is made of any vegetable mineral, or synthetic fiber mixed with binder and pressed into a flat sheet
Pressed Board
77
un-planed or undressed lumber
Rough Lumber
77
planed lumber having at least one smooth side.
Surfaced or Dressed Lumber
77
lumbers that are joined together by a glue to form a bigger size of timber with the desired size and shape
Glued-Laminated Lumber
77
is a glue laminated wood product engineered to make a thin sheet of wood 1/10 to 1/4 in. in thickness
Plywood
77
a panel made of wood fibers bonded with urea type resins and pressed under high temperature.
Particle Board
77
the kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the annual rings running the full length of the log and containing at least one flat surface.
Slab
78
a wide piece of lumber five inches or 13 cm or larger in its smallest dimension
Timber
79
a wide piece of lumber from 4- to 13-cm thick
Plank
80
a piece of lumber less than 4 cm thick with at least 10 cm wide
Board
81
a thick piece of lumber
Flitch
82
annual rings are small the grain or marking which separates the adjacent rings
Fine grained
83
large grain
Coarse grain
84
when the direction of the fibers are near parallel with the side and edges of the board.
Straight Grained
84
when a lumber is taken from a crooked tree.
Crooked or Cross-Grained
84
are most preferred in building construction which grows larger by addition of layer on the surface each year.
Exogenous trees
84
a liquid paste formulation used to remove paint, varnish, enamel, or laquer.
Paint Remover
84
a mixture of a pigment and vehicle such as oil or water that together form a liquid or paste that can be applied to a surface to provide an adherent coating that imparts color to and often protects the surface.
paint
84
a post which supports a handrail and encloses the open sections of a stairway.
Baluster
84
is the height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Rise
84
a level stage in a shaft at which cages are loaded and discharged
Landing
85
a board placed vertically beneath the tread of a step in a staircase.
Riser
85
the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight
run
85
support at the end of a bridge
Abutment
85
for foundations unless otherwise stated
Coarse Concrete
85
for floor slabs, roads, yards, etc.
Normal Concrete
85
applied to sand/coarser materials that the cement bonds together.
Aggregate
85
loading that will cause failure on the supporting soil.
Soil bearing capacity
85
without charge for delivery to and placing on board or carriers at a specific point.
Free on Board (FOB)
85
lumber finished smooth on all four sides.
S4S
85
column-like concrete foundation
Pier
85
a unit of deformation
strain
85
opposite of toughness and durability and refers to small resistance to a sudden blow. Also the tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation
Brittleness
85
algebraic sum of all the external forces, acting parallel to a cross section on one side of the section tending to cause failure by a sliding movement.
Shear force
85
endurance limit.
Fatigue strength
85
also known as drawing. Hardened and quenched steel is subjected to additional heating at temperature below the critical temperature for a certain period of time then allowed to cool in still air (obtain tempered martensite.)
tempering
85
term, which includes girders, stringers, joists, rafters, purlins, lintels, and even roof boards or flooring.
beam
85
a condition in which the pressure of air in an enclosed space is greater than that of the outside atmosphere.
plenum
85
amount of sag or settlement under a load measured from the horizontal level.
Deflection
85
property of an elastic body by which energy can be stored up in the body by loads applied to it and given up in recovering its original shape when loads are removed. Also the quality of absorbing impact loads without passing the elastic limit.
Resilience
85
gradually supply moisture and maintaining proper temperature so as to have favorable conditions for hydration of the cement particularly during the early hardening period.
Curing
85
refer to the resistance of the material to deterioration in quality during its period of use.
Durability
85
for concrete work is usually less than ¼ inch in diameter.
Fine aggregate
85
softening process in which an iron box alloy is heated to high temperature for transformation. After being held for proper time at this condition, the temperature is lowered in a furnace to a temperature below the transformation range.
Annealing stee
85
maximum tensile stress that a material can resist without failure.
Tensile strength
85
are large beams taking the place of interior foundation. They form supports for joists and interior walls or other bearing.
Girders
85
a projecting portion of tooth that engages similar parts on another wheel or gear.
cog
85
undressed as it comes from the saw.
rough lumber
85
resistance to bending or deformation under stress within elastic limit. It is measured by the modulus of elasticity in the elastic range, the higher the modules the stiffer.
Stiffness
85
general term for timber and lumber.
wood
85
lumber, which has been run though a matching, machine, sticker or molder.
Worked lumber
85
freshly cut trees, raw logs, large size cut or sawn logs
timber
85
wood products associated with lumber yards (sawn timber, cut into commercial sizes).
lumbers
85
branch of physical science concerned with the action of forces on bodies and the effects of which they produce.
Mechanics
86
materials are considered durable if they retain their strength and other properties over a considerable period of time.
Durability
86
this characteristic of a material measures the erase with which it can be worked or shaped.
Workability
86
the degree to which a material resists chemical combination with other materials with which it comes in contact is a measure of its resistance to corrosion.
Resistance to Corrosion
87
the resistance offered by a rigid body to an external force tending to change its form.
Stress
88
change in form produced by a stress.
strain
89
are those tending to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide, relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.
Shearing Stress
89
the limit of stress within which deformation disappear after the stress is removed.
Elastic limit
89
are those tending to pull an object in two, or to stretch it.
Tensile Stresses
90
the ratio of the increment of unit stress to increment of unit deformation. It is a measure of stiffness of
materials.
Modulus of elasticity
90
the ability of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of stresses.
Elasticity
90
tend to press or squeeze an object.
Compressive Stress
90
the internal resistance per unit area that results from an external force.
Unit Stress
90
is the amount of stress, which produces failure by increasing the unit until breakage or rupture occurs
Ultimate Strength
90
the amount of change in the materials shape.
Deformation
90
means small measure.
Modules
91
the ratio of the ultimate strength to the working stress-common factor of safety for wood is 4 and for steel is 2.
Factor of Safety
91
the measure of the strength of a beam according to the arrangement of the material
Section Modulus
91
the measure of the resistance of materials to bending stresses
Modulus of Rapture
91
the highest unit stress to which a material should be subject for a specific purpose
Working Stress/Allowable Unit Stress
91
the tendency or a measure of tendency, to produce motion, especially around a point or an axis. It is a measure of stresses acting on the beam.
Bending moment
91
the weight of the structure itself
dead load
91
the weight carried by the structure, on the weight that is super imposed on it.
Live load
91
point that corresponds to the center of gravity of a very thin homogenous plate of the same area and shape.
Centroid
91
load of uniform magnitude, for each unit of length that extends, over a portion or the entire length of a member.
Uniformly Distributed Load
91
material, which is mixed with Portland cement aggregate, or water added to concrete to modify its properties.
Admixture
91
a structural member that is reasonably long compared with its lateral dimensions when suitably supported, and subjected to transverse forces so applied as to induce bending of the member in an axial plane.
beam
91
graphical representation of the values of the vertical shear throughout the length of a beam.
Shear Diagram
91
changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion or causes a body on which the forces acts, to change its shape if held in place by another force or forces.
force
91
the tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part is called.
Vertical shear
91
an element used primarily to support axial compressive loads and with height at least three times its least lateral dimension.
column
91
the entire assemblage at the intersections of the members.
Joints
92
inert material, which is mixed with Portland cement and water to produce concrete.
Aggregate
92
an upright compression member having a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimensions of 3 or less.
pedestal
92
mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water.
concrete
92
aggregate having a dry, loose weight of 70-lbs/cu ft.
Aggregate (Lightweight)
92
any mechanical device capable of developing the strength of the reinforcement without damage to the concrete. It is the means by which the pre – stress force is permanently transferred to the concrete.
Mechanical Anchorage
93
plain or reinforced concrete element cast in other that its final position in the structure
Pre-Cast Concrete
94
concrete containing reinforcement, including pre-stressing steel, and designed on the assumption that the two materials not together in resisting forces.
Reinforced Concrete
95
continuously around reinforcement in the form of cylindrical helix.
Spiral
96
a vertical element used primarily to enclose or separate spaces.
Wall
96
process of connecting one joint to another.
Bridging
97
the height or rise of a truss divided by the span
pitch
97
these are the spaces between trusses
bays
97
is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying all the infinitely small areas by the square of their distances to the neutral axis.
Moment of inertia
97
is a jointed frame, used to support loads over a relatively long span
truss
97
an index of the stiffness of a structural section when used as a column or other compression member.
Radius of Gyration
97
a horizontal plane separating the compressive and tensile stress.
Neutral Surface
97
ASTM
American Society of Testing and Materials.
97
the distance from the edge of a member to the center of the connector closer to the edge, measured perpendicular to the edge.
Edge Distance
98
the property of a material that permits it to undergo plastic deformation when subjected to stresses
Ductility
98
the ability of a material to be deformed and to return to the original shape.
elasticity
98
the unbraced length in inches divided by the dimension of the least side.
Slenderness Ratio
98
materials have the same properties in all directions. (Wood has a grain; rolled steel is not isotropic).
Isotropic
98
the ration of plastic section modulus to the elastic section modulus.
Shape Factor
98
the lines, parallel to the length of a member, in which bolts or rivets are placed.
Cage lines
98
the moment of inertia for an area relative to a line or axis perpendicular to the plane of the area
Polar moment of inertia
98
the beam spanning from truss to truss that brings to the trusses the leads due to wind, and weight of the roof connections
purlin
98
is a loss of carbon from the surface of steel occurring during hot rolling, forging and heat-treating, when the surrounding medium reacts with the carbon.
Decarburization
98
brings about the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution by holding body at an elevated temperature, also called artificial aging.
Precipitation Heat Treatment
98
the portion of a truss that occurs between two adjacent joints of the upper chord
panel
98
contact pressure between separate bodies.
Bearing stress
98
bending of a material beyond the elastic range of strain.
Plastic Bending
98
occurs in some metals, notably certain stainless, aluminum, and copper alloys, at ambient temperature after solution heat treatment, the process being on a of constituent precipitating from solid solution.
Age hardening (precipitation hardening)
98
the ability of a material to absorb of damp vibrations, which is process of absorbing kinetic energy of vibration owing to hysteresis.
Damping Capacity
98
steel are usually considered to be the metallic elements added for the purpose of modifying the properties
Alloying elements
98
a substance with metallic properties composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.
Alloy
98
the characteristics of exhibiting different properties when tested in different directions (as tensile strength “with the
grain” or “across the grain”).
Anisotropy
98
the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature below the recrystallization temperature and at rate to produce strain hardening.
Cold working
98
one, which a specimen, supported at both ends as a simple beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is a measure of the impact strength of the metal.
Charpy Test
98
brittleness of metal at ordinary or low temperature
Cold Shortness
98
a limited area within the farm, occupied by building corrals, fences, and gates, and used generally as center of operations for farm work and activities.
Farmstead
98
a temper produced in a wire, rod, or tube by cold drawing
Hard Drawn
98
a management system for dairy cattle wherein the adult animals are given access to a feeding area, a resting area, and an adjoining open lot
Loose Housing
98
involves the loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical change of the material.
Embrittlement
98
part of the carbon content of steel or iron that is in the form of graphite or temper carbon.
free carbon
98
have the same structure at all points. (Steel consists of randomly oriented iron crystals of different sizes, with other matter in between and is thus not homogenous).
Homogenous materials
98
a test which a specimen, support at one end as a cantilever beam, is broken by the impact of falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking and is thus not homogenous).
Izod test
98
the materials susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling and hammering. The more malleable the metal, the thinner the sheet into which it can be formed.
Malleability
98
the ratio of the lateral strain (contracting) to the longitudinal strain (extension) when the element is loaded with a longitudinal tensile force.
Poisson’s Ratio
98
is increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation.
strain hardening
98
is the ability of metal to be deformed considerably without rupture.
plasticity
98
stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of a material, usually 0.01% or less.
Proof Stress
98
brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Red Shortness
98
steel that contains significant quantities of recognized alloying metals, the most common being aluminum,
chromium, etc.
Wrought Alloy Steel
98
several rows of treed of various size to reduce air velocities and dust.
wind break
98
associated with creep, is the decreasing stress at a constant strain; important for metals in high – temperature service.
relaxation
98
an operation or combination of operations involving the heating and cooling of metal or an alloy in the solid state for the purpose of altering the properties of the material.
Heat Treatment
98
are those not due to applied loads or temperature gradients, they exists for various reasons, as unequal
cooling rates, cold working, etc.
Residual Stress
98
a heating and slow cooling of a solid metal, usually done to soften it.
Annealing
98
AISI
American Iron and Steel Institute
98
the heating of a metal body to a suitable temperature and holding it at the temperature of a suitable time for the purpose of reducing interval residual stress.
Stress Relieving
98
suddenly applied load.
Impulsive Load
98
the heating of certain steel above the transformation range and then quenching for the purpose of increasing the hardness.
Hardening
98
an enclosed covered building for the keeping and care of livestock and/or storage of roughage.
barn
98
horizontal, continuous flow one story hydrolytic tank in which the suspended matter is retained until anaerobic decomposition is to a considerable extent.
Septic Tank
98
structure, sometimes referred to as stanchion barn for sheltering dairy cattle and/or young stack where the adult animals are confined to one or more rows of stall by means of stanchion, straps for part of the year.
stall barn
98
shelter, a place of equipment, which is an aid to the conservation, and better use of the farm resources.
Building
