Agriculture Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
intensive
A
-large amounts of labor and/or capital
-small plots of land, is scarce + expensive
-located near areas with high pop density
2
Q
extensive
A
-fewer inputs of labor and/or capital
-large plots of land, is plentiful + costs little
-located far from major pop centers
3
Q
commercial
A
-large amounts of food grown for sale/profit
-larger plots of land
-often mono-cropped
-found in MDCs, but in LDCs sometimes due to neocolonialism
4
Q
mono-cropped
A
one specialty crop
5
Q
subsistence
A
-for consumption/food source, barter/sell extra
-smaller plots of land
-less machinery/more hand tools
-found in LDCs with less tech
6
Q
shifting cultivation: main world regions
A
-latin america
-sub saharan africa
-southeast asia
7
Q
shifting cultivation: main climate regions
A
-tropical
-subtropical
8
Q
shifting cultivation: subsistence or commercial
A
subsistence
9
Q
shifting cultivation: intensive or extensive
A
intensive
10
Q
shifting cultivation: description
A
-farmers move field to field
-slash + burn
-when soil loses fertility, they move to different plot and repeat
11
Q
slash + burn
A
clear and fertilize land by burning vegetation
12
Q
wet rice: main world regions
A
-china
-southeast asia
-south asia
13
Q
wet rice: main climate regions
A
-temperate
-subtropical
14
Q
wet rice: subsistence or commercial
A
subsistence
15
Q
wet rice: intensive or extensive
A
intensive
16
Q
wet rice: description
A
-harvest in wet rice patty
-double planting
-harvest, thresh, dry
-hard but good source of food
17
Q
pastoral nomadism/herding: main world regions
A
-northern africa
-southwest asia
-central asia
-east asia
18
Q
pastoral nomadism/herding: main climate regions
A
-drylands
-desert
19
Q
pastoral nomadism/herding: subsistence or commercial
A
subsistence
20
Q
pastoral nomadism/herding: intensive or extensive
A
extensive
21
Q
pastoral nomadism/herding: description
A
-nomads move herds to different pastures
-trade meat, milk, hides
-rely on animals for survival, not profit
-live in yurts
-cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, horses
22
Q
plantation: main world regions
A
-latin america
-sub saharan africa
-south asia
-southeast asia
23
Q
plantation: main climate regions
A
-tropical
-subtropical
24
Q
plantation: subsistence or commercial
A
commercial
25
plantation: intensive or extensive
intensive
26
plantation: description
-specializes in one crop
-transported for sale on global market
-commodity + specialty crops
-cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts, cotton
27
mixed crop and livestock: main world regions
-midwestern US
-canada
-central europe
28
mixed crop and livestock: main climate regions
temperate
29
mixed crop and livestock: subsistence or commercial
commercial
30
mixed crop and livestock: intensive or extensive
intensive
31
mixed crop and livestock: description
-most money comes from sale of livestock instead of crop outputs
-corn, grain, soybean grown to feed cattle and pigs
32
dairying: main world regions
-northern US
-canada
-europe
-russia
-china
-india
-brazil
33
dairying: main climate regions
temperate
34
dairying: subsistence or commercial
commercial
35
dairying: intensive or extensive
intensive
36
dairying: description
-sell milk to wholesalers who later distribute to retailers
-retailers sell to customers in shops or at home
37
commercial grain: main world regions
-US
-canada
-europe
-russia
-central asia
-china
-south asia
38
commercial grain: main climate regions
temperate
39
commercial grain: subsistence or commercial
commercial
40
commercial grain: intensive or extensive
extensive
41
commercial grain: description
-crops grown mainly for human consumption
-farmers sell to manufacturers of food products
-wheat
42
ranching: main world regions
-western north america
-southeastern south america
-central asia
-australia
-south africa
43
ranching: main climate regions
-drylands
-desert
44
ranching: subsistence or commercial
commercial
45
ranching: intensive or extensive
extensive
46
ranching: description
-commercial grazing of livestock
-then sent to feedlots and then to slaughter
-cattle, goats, sheep
47
mediterranean: main world regions
-southern europe
-northern africa
-pacific coast of US
-chile
-south africa
-southern australia
48
mediterranean: main climate regions
temperate
49
mediterranean: subsistence or commercial
commercial
50
mediterranean: intensive or extensive
intensive
51
mediterranean: description
-orchards common
-crops produced for global market
-grapes, olives, dates, figs
52
market gardening/truck farming: main world regions
-southeastern US
-california
-southeastern australia
53
market gardening/truck farming: main climate regions
temperate
54
market gardening/truck farming: subsistence or commercial
commercial
55
market gardening/truck farming: intensive or extensive
intensive
56
market gardening/truck farming: description
-some of the fruits and veggies are sold fresh to consumers
-most sold to large processors for canning/freezing
-fresh fruits + veggies, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes
57
rural survey methods
defining boundaries of land ownership
58
metes and bounds
-uses landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines
-results in irregular shaped plots of land
59
where is metes and bounds used
-great britain
-north america
60
long lots
-long strips of land that start a river or lake
-gives landowners equal access to resources (soil, water) and transportation
61
where is long lots used
-france
-spain
-north america
62
township and range
-rectangles and grid system
-each is 6 miles x 6 miles
-keep track of land sales and purchases
-uniform survey method
63
clustered rural settlement pattern
-live in groups of homes in close proximity
-farmland + pasture surround the settlement
-share resources and community
-metes and bounds
64
dispersed rural settlement pattern
-settlements isolated and dispersed over land area
-individual values and ownership of land
-township and range
65
linear rural settlement pattern
-settlement organized along a line
-long lot
66
domestication
grow plants and raise animals, making them adapt to human demands
67
agricultural hearth
separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals
68
how long ago was fertile crescent hearth
10,000 years ago
69
fertile crescent hearth is also called
the bread basket
70
fertile crescent hearth crops
barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, rye
71
fertile crescent hearth animals
sheep, goat, cattle, pigs
72
fertile crescent hearth location
tigris + euphrates rivers in the mediterranean
73
how long ago was southeast asia hearth
10,000 years ago
74
southeast asia hearth crops
sugarcane, taro, coconut, mango, bananas, grapefruit, wet rice, tea
75
southeast asia hearth animals
pigs
76
how long ago was east asia hearth
9,500 years ago
77
east asia hearth crops
rice, soybeans, walnuts
78
how long ago was sub-saharan africa hearth
7,000 years ago
79
sub-saharan africa hearth crops
coffee, cowpeas, millet, african rice, sorghum, yam
80
sub-saharan africa hearth animals
pigs, cows
81
how long ago was mesoamerica hearth
5,500 years ago
82
mesoamerica hearth crops
sweet potatoes, beans, maize, chiles, peppers, cotton, cassava, lima beans, potatoes, tomatoes
83
mesoamerica hearth animals
llamas, alpacas
84
silk road
4,000 miles of trade routes that connected china with europe
85
columbian exchange
exchange of goods and ideas between north america, africa, europe
86
green revolution
spread high yield varieties of crops around the world
87
demand for meat
increased due to increasing wealth across the globe and diffusion of fast food chains
88
enclosure movement
series of laws enacted by british gov that allowed landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers
89
causes of the second agricultural revolution
-industrial revolution
-enclosure movement
-
90
when and where did the second agricultural revolution
1750, great britain
91
impact of industrial revolution
better tech >>high yields >>surplus of food >>pop growth + longer life expectancy
92
characteristics of the second agricultural revolution
-crop rotation
-transportation improvements
-new markets
93
urbanization
mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories
94
characteristics of the green revolution
-development of higher yielding, disease resistant, faster growing plants
-hybrids + GMOs
-double cropping
-increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques, machinery in developing countries
95
double cropping
growing more than one crop per year
96
positives of the green revolution
-increased yield on same amount of land
-self sufficiency in developing countries
-lower food prices >> increased access
97
negatives of the green revolution
-environmental consequences
-gender inequality
-poor success in africa
98
environmental consequences of the green revolution
-fertilizer and pesticide runoff in water
-soil erosion and salinization
-fossil fuel for machines >> air, sound, water pollution
99
gender consequences of the green revolution
women excluded due to lack of economic and social equality
100
why was there poor success of the green revolution in africa?
-harsh and diverse environmental conditions, droughts, soil fertility
-lack of infrastructure and reliable transportation
-african crops not included in GMO research
101
blue revolution/aquaculture
cultivation and commercial raising of fish
102
agribusiness
large scale system that includes the production, processing, distribution, financial funding, and research agricultural products and equipment
103
commodity chains
complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers
104
bid-rent theory
-value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market
-most desirable and accessible land is closest to market, farmers purchase less so intensive
-least desirable and accessible land is furthest to market, farmers purchase more so extensive
105
assumptions of von thunen model
-isotrophic plane
-no barriers to transportation
-farmers using oxcarts
106
market/urban center in von thunen model
-assumed there's a market in an isolated, self-sufficient state without external influences
-assumed commercial agricultural system
-assumed single destination for harvest
107
perishability of dairy farming + market gardening in von thunen model
milk and produce spoil easily so must be located near market
108
transportation of dairy farming + market gardening in von thunen model
difficult to transport because its perishable
109
perishability of timber in von thunen model
not perishable
110
transportation of timber in von thunen model
difficult to transport because its heavy
111
perishability of grains + cereal crops in von thunen model
less perishable
112
transportation of grains + cereal crops in von thunen model
not fragile, bulking, heavy so easier to transport to market
113
perishability of livestock ranching in von thunen model
not perishable while alive
114
transportation of livestock ranching in von thunen model
low cost cuz animals are walked to market
115
limitations of von thunen model
-multiple market centers globally
-food preservation like cans and fridges
-better transportation and infrastructure
-gov policies about land use or to grow a particular crop
-wood no longer major source, forests no longer near communities
-non isotrophic plane
116
soil salinization
salts build up in soil when water evaporates from the ground faster than it is replenished
117
food desert
people don't have access to fresh food
