agriculture Flashcards

Question

why is pest control needed?

Answer 1

-approx 1/3 of wolds food is lost due to pests & associated disease- most serious in low income countries -pest sometimes is most important for large scale & intensive farming -monocultures can easily lead to infestation -intensive farming large numbers of animals kept close together, making disease & pests easier to spread

Answer 2

-crop rotation: +prevents build up of pests & diseases specific to certain areas. -requires long term planning -barrier crops: +help protect soil from wind erosion, reduce top soil loss. -cost, time required to plant during the busy harvest season -companion crops: +pest control, improved soil health. -competition for resources, inc maintenance -predator habitats

Answer 3

-toxic chemicals used to kill pests -very effective rapid control -can be longer term problems caused by their use crop pesticide application: -spraying of crops in fields -powder coating of seeds -soil injection to kill pests in soil livestock pesticide application: -dipping of livestock to kill skin parasites -drenching where livestock drink pesticides to kill internal pesticides

Answer 4

-intended to be poisonous to kill pests (target organism) -may also be poisonous to other organisms -difference in toxicities to pests & to non target species is important in assessing likelihood of pesticide causing environmental damage -high toxicity pesticides= smaller volumes -most pesticides act by inhibiting enzyme action

Answer 5

-some pesticides are ‘broad spectrum’ and kill wide range of species -others are ‘narrow spectrum’ and kill smaller range as they’re more specific -broad spectrum more likely to kill non target organisms

Answer 6

-persistent pesticides break down slowly -more likely to remain in environment for longer periods -reduces frequency of re-application -travel long distances -travel along food chains

Answer 7

-liposoluble pesticides build up in organisms and food chains -concentration may build up until it’s toxic to non target organisms -pesticides that are water soluble are more likely to be washed off crop, requiring re-application

Answer 8

contact action: -only protects surface of crop that are sprayed -un sprayed surfaces aren’t protected systematic action: -absorbed by crop & translocated through crop -protects all of plant -can’t be washed off by rain & be eaten by humans

Answer 9

-treat bacteria infections -prevent infection -promote growth

Answer 10

-antibiotic resistance -risk of zoonosis- inc some resistant bacteria are transferred to humans

Answer 11

-provision of food supplies by growing plants that provide nectar -restricting use of harmful pesticides -introduction of bee hives -companion crops -habitat protection

Answer 12

-includes maintenance of soil biota, detritivores & decomposers -nutrient supply in an abiotic factor controlled in agroecosystems -nutrient supplies is a natural processes e.g. nitrogen fixing bacteria, decomposition & crop rotation -nutrient supplies control productivity in different areas

Answer 13

-all microorganisms, soil animals and plants living all/part of their lives in or on soil -nitrogen fixing bacteria- convert nitrogen into nitrates

Answer 14

-inc nutrient supply via breakdown of DOM & nitrogen fixation -organic acids produced by decomposition inc weathering of rocks & releases nutrients into soil -earthworms inc aeration & drainage which aid aerobic process & water retention

Answer 15

-effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common sense practices

Answer 16

+prevente build up of pests +cheap +improve soil health +environmentally sensitive -long term planning -maintenance -slow acting -won’t remove all pests

Answer 17

+kills pest +high volume -cost -machinery to apply -persistent -can kill non target species

Answer 18

+environmentally sensitive +control pests -long term planning

Answer 19

-totale mass of living material in a specific areas at a given time -net primary production-rate at which autotrophs synthesise organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide minus the rate at which these compounds are used

Answer 20

-autotrophs- things that make their own food -heterotrophs- have to eat food, can make their own

Answer 21

-producers are mostly plants & algae which transfer 1% of the incident energy from light for photosynthesis -approx 10% of biomass from each tropic level is transferred to lvl above it

Answer 22

losses of biomass are due to: -not all ingested material is absorbed, some is egested as faeces -some absorbed materials is lost as waste, such as carbon dioxide and water in respiration & water and urea in urine -large amounts of glucose used in respiration -some parts of an organism are inedible

Answer 23

-most energy in biomass at each tropic level can’t be passed on -food chains should be as short as possible for the best energy efficiency •limit movement •maintain temperature •reduces energy loss by respiration

Answer 24

-extensive agriculture- maximises totally yield by spreading input over large areas of me -intensive- large artificial inputs are available but over a small area of land

Answer 25

-each extra input results in a increase in yield but by smaller amounts each time. -global scale- food production yield would increases if inputs were evenly distributed.

Answer 26

-energy subsidy is an agricultural input to increase productivity but that requires energy. -examples: manufacture of pesticides, processing of food for consumers, pumping of irrigation water

Answer 27

energy ratio is a measure of efficient when compared to energy inputs and outputs. -expressed as the number of units of food energy produced per unit of energy input. -the higher the yield per energy input have the highest energy ratio number. -when considering livestock, food conversations ratios (FCRs) may be used instead

Answer 28

density -higher density=increased yield. -decreased induvial yield due to increased competition. -increase risk of disease and pest outbreak. monocultures -cultivating a single species over a large area. -easier to cultivate and use machinery. -increase risk of disease and pest outbreak

Answer 29

-rapid population growth -energy efficient -sturdier plants -genetically identical to parent plant, predictable characteristics -high survival rate

Answer 30

-disease -overpopulation -competition -harmful mutations to offspring -vulnerable to pests -no genetic variation in offspring so characteristics can’t be improved

Answer 31

-plants grow and develop without human intervention, using parts of the parent plant to grow new plants

Answer 32

cuttings: -cut end of stem put into damp soil, roots develop, plant hormones can be used to encourage root development, inc survival rate micropropagation: -small pieces of plant tissue grown on sterile nutrient medium containing sugars and mineral nutrients

Answer 33

1. cells are removed from donor & grown in culture 2. eggs removed from female. nucleus of egg removed & replaced by nucleus from donor cells 3. egg implanted into surrogate female where it develops during a normal pregnancy 4. it has characteristics of donor when born

Answer 34

-production of offspring from parents chosen because of favourable genetic characteristics -inc risk of inbreeding -breeding between genetically similar individuals may produce offspring with similar characteristics

Answer 35

-may produce a combination of desirable characteristics with ‘hybrid vigour’ and lower risk of inbreeding -reduces problems caused by homozygous recessive genes often found in inbred varieties -example- zebu cattle, reared in areas with a hot climate. they tolerate the heat well but give a low milk yield. ayrshire cattle from scotland give high milk yield but not heat tolerant

Answer 36

-inc probability of undesirable recessive genes producing offspring with unwanted characteristics

Answer 37

-personal choice about food have huge impact on market demand & farming methods -strive for ‘perfect food’ is also putting inc demands in markets and leads to more food waste

Answer 38

-range of traditions make particular food more or less popular -e.g. in the uk we don’t usually eat horse meat or snails, although they’re commonly consumed in other countries

Answer 39

-people with religious convictions may avoid certain foods -jews and muslims don’t eat prob while hindus don’t eat beef

Answer 40

-a desire to reduce the environmental or social impacts of food production can influence food choices -local food- buying food produced nearby reduces energy involved in transport -seasonal food- choosing food grown where local weather is suitable has lower environmental impact than eating out of season food -e.g. free range, organic foods, seasonality, food miles, veganism

Answer 41

-strategies often used to influence the food produced & methods used by agriculture -can provide benefits but problems may also be created

Answer 42

-made available so European farmers could get financial assistance for wide range of incentives to inc food production like; •drainage of wet fields •grants to change production systems •hedgerow removal to increase field size •improved livestock •liming to neutralise acidic soils •purchase of machinery These changes increased food production but had environmental impacts such as loss of hedgerows

Answer 43

-gov would set price for agricultural products -farmers know theyd get paid when they harvested their crops or livestock. -if there was surplus harvest then gov would buy some products of harvest from farmers creating artificial market shortage, causing prices to inc -where possible harvest was stored e.g. grain, cheese -f there was poor harvest the shortage in supply would cause the prices to rise. -gov prevented this by selling just enough of previous years stored harvest to bring market price down to agreed amount. This helped to create a stable market for farmers which in turn inc food production

Answer 44

Quotas -farmers given limits on what theyre allowed to produce. Farm diversification -farmers told to focus on new products, non-food production activities e.g. public visit to working farms & specialised dairy production. Alternative crops & livestock -biofuels, pharmaceutical crops e.g. poppies, bees for honey. Sat-aside -farmers of surplus crops have been paid to take their farmland out of production but keeping it in condition where could be farmed if needed

Answer 45

-range of schemes have given farmers a contribution to their income in ways that benefit the environment •Environmental Sensitivities Areas (ESAs) • Countryside Stewardship Schemes (CSS) • Environmental stewardship schemes (ESS) • Countryside stewardship (CS)

Answer 46

-meeting needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs -in agriculture: meeting food demands of current populations without destroying resources etc so future gens can meet own needs

Answer 47

-use of agrochemicals -pest control methods -nutrient process & recycling -energy subsidies -hydrological cycle -social considerations

Answer 48

-organisms which reduce growth & productivity of crops & so reduce amount of food we can get from them

Answer 49

-reduced harvest due to ill health if crop & livestock -reduced harvest due to competition for water, light, nutrients -killing crop -risk of zoonosis -reduced quantity of harvest-they eat ur -taste appearance, storability -human disease

Answer 50

-can dissolve in fats

Answer 51

-growth of single type of crop, usually over large ares

Answer 52

-synthetic pesticide, kills mosquitoes, harmful to humans & animals eg DDT

Answer 53

-pesticide absorbed by plant, kills pests from within

Answer 54

-mainly important in monocultures and intensive rear -1/3 of worlds harvest food is lost due to pests and diseases

Answer 55

+kills pests +high volume +profit -expensive -machinery to apply -persistent -kills non target species

Answer 56

-use of another organism which kills pest -less impact on environment -could be parasite or predator -aims to reduce numbers to below economic damage level -eg greenfly and ladybird

Answer 57

-non toxic to humans -sustainable -targeted pest control -pests less likely to develop resistance -improve crop quality -reduces chemical pesticide use -cheaper in long run

Answer 58

-cost -more time than pesticides -non target species -not every pest has predator or parasite to keep it under control -will never kill all pests -control organism may start to feed on other

Answer 59

-land can be more susceptible to erosion if same type of crop is repeatedly planted -certain pests can reach levels that are hard to control when they learn to make home near field that always has same type of crop -land itself can become ‘tired’ and less fertile, bc same type of crop planted repeatedly keeps draining land of same nutrients needed for that plants growth

Answer 60

-water depth greater than 100m has very limited light penetration -reducing further depending on water turbidity -photosynthesis limited to water surface layers (photic zone) -organisms living at depth greater than 100m (aphotic zone) rely on food produced nearer surface carried down by currents or bodies of dead organisms

Answer 61

-algae absorbs nutrients directly from water -oceans have lots of co2 availability -other nutrients like phosphates are less readily available & therefore a limiting factor -photic zones have inc amount of phosphate due to run offs via riverbeds & via upwellings

Answer 62

-used for mid water shoals e.g. bass, anchovies, herring & mackerel -adv- high catch rates, cost effective, less impact on seabed -dis- bycatch, environmental impacts

Answer 63

used for seabed species eg cod, haddock, plaice, shrimps & scampi -adv- high catch rates, cost effective, catch wide range of species -dis- habitat damage, bycatch, reduced biodiversity, coral damage

Answer 64

-place net around shoal of fish. top floats, bottom weights then pull tight under shoal -adv- efficient, low bycatch, sustainable -dis- bycatch, stress on fish, pressure on fish stocks

Answer 65

-curtain like nets supported by floats- catch pelagic species near surface eg herring, tuna -adv- cost effective, target dispersed fish stocks efficiently, catch large quantities -dis- bycatch, competition, illegal fishing

Answer 66

-lines of baited hooks, can be many km in length. tuna and squid target catch -adv- reduced bycatch -dis- ghost fishing

Answer 67

-baited traps catch crustaceans on seabed -adv- high species selectivity

Answer 68

-overfishing -bycatch -ghost fishing -habitat fishing: seabed damage, coral reef impact, seagrass beds, dynamite fishing, food web impacts

Answer 69

-catch quotes -fishing equipment design & use -restricted fishing methods -minimum catchable size -fishing effort limits -closed seasons -not take zones -protected individuals -captive breeding

Answer 70

-limits amount of fish you can catch. quota set based on time of year, type of fish & location of fishing. any fish over quota have to be thrown back, usually dead

Answer 71

-met can be modified to inc hole size or make material of the net stretchy. gives smaller juvenile fish a chance to escape & a chance to breed to inc population, allows larger stronger fish eg sharks to squeeze through net & not get caught

Answer 72

-no take zones- an area where no fishing is allowed or made into a marine nature reserve , normally used in vulnerable areas like breeding grounds -closed seasons- fishing is banned for a certain length of time. allows younger generation to be born & gives fish higher chance of surviving, also reduces impacts on environment

Answer 73

-control the aquatic ecosystem so more food enters human food chain

Answer 74

-extensive= minimal input e.g. fish artificially added to pond so they can feed on wild food before being eaten -intensive=greater inputs e.g. feeding with wastes, adding nutrients & control of competitors & predators -extreme aquaculture= artificial control of both biotic & abiotic factors to maximise productivity

Answer 75

-boost economy -generate employment -utilise the natural water sources -earn foreign exchange revenue -culture ornamental fishes -culture larvicidal fishes for control of mosquito larvae -inc production of food in form of fish

Answer 76

-farming of fish by enclosing them in caves or pens -anchored in natural water ways, estuaries, bays, or other coastal marine environments -juveniles are sourced from hatcheries of wild populations, protected from predators and fed regularly

Answer 77

-simple structures placed in natural water body where fish or other aquatic organisms can naturally feed on available food sources, essentially ‘grazing’ on surrounding environment, without need for direct feeding by farmer -environmentally friendly

Answer 78

-fish are contained within a physical barrier, typically an impermeable bag, that separates them from the open ocean environment, while still drawing clean water from deeper depths to provide cleaner, lice free water supply

Answer 79

-systems that raise aquatic organisms in a controlled environment, separate from natural environment

Answer 80

-perennial plant with the persistent wooden stem

Answer 81

-uk native -deciduous, broadleaf tree -pale grey bark with vertical markings, which develops ridges with age -mature trees reach height of 30m & live for more than 300 years -coppiced or pollarded -keeps lower leaves all year round, provides shelter etc -hard wood- used for flooring, furniture & wood turning -threats- fungal disease like phytophthora, bark stripping damage by grey squirrels

Answer 82

-timber -food -medicine -fuel -fibres

Answer 83

-will occur if rate of clearance is faster than maximum rate of regrowth (natural or aided by humans)- maximum sustainable yield

Answer 84

-agriculture- population increase -mineral extraction- mining -reservoirs- public supply of water, hydrological power -urbanisation- expansion of urban areas. inc demand for food -transport- construction for roads, railways & airports. barriers for wildlife & cause population fragmentation

Answer 85

-agriculture- LICs -mining- LICs -reservoirs- HICs -urbanisation- LICs -transport- LICs -timber- LICs -logging- LICs

Answer 86

-ecological impacts: reduced biodiversity, loss of species, fragmentation of remaining forest areas, loss of amenity -impact on soil: reduced soil formation, less DOM, inc soil erosion, less protection of soil by vegetation & leaf litter, dec soil organic matter, dec root binding -climate impacts: inc albedo, dec carbon sequestration & carbon reservoir, reduced rainfall downwind -changes to hydrology: dec interception & transpiration, inc runoff

agriculture Flashcards

(110 cards)