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Agriculture Unit Ap Human Geo. > Agriculture Unit > Flashcards

Agriculture Unit Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Agriculture

A

The purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival.

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2
Q

Climate Regions

A

Areas that have similar climate patterns generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts or continental interiors.

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3
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

Consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats.

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4
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

When a farmer grows crops and livestock for their families consumption.

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5
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

When a farmer grows crops and livestock for profit.

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6
Q

Bit-Rent Theory

A

Explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land-either intensively or extensively.

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7
Q

Metes and bounds

A

Marks the boundaries of a property according to its surrounding landmarks

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8
Q

Long-lot survey system

A

A method of dividing land into long, narrow lots that are perpendicular to a road, river, or canal. (The Mississipi river).

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9
Q

Township and Range system

A

A land survey that divides land in a grid of townships and sections

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10
Q

Clustered settlement

A

A rural settlement where families live close to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.

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11
Q

Dispersed Settlement

A

A type of settlement where individual homes and buildings are spread out over a large area

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12
Q

Linear Settlement

A

Settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line, usually formed by transportation, like a road or river.

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13
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

When farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land.

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14
Q

Monocropping

A

The practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land.

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15
Q

Double Cropping

A

The practice of growing two crops in the same field during one growing season.

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16
Q

Monoculture

A

The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

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17
Q

Crop Rotation

A

The practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure.

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18
Q

Plantation Agriculture

A

Human-led cultivation of plants and animals in which a single type of crop is grown on a large area of land.

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19
Q

Market gardening

A

A relatively small commercial farm characterized by a diversity of crops and a relationship with local markets.

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20
Q

Truck Farming

A

When a farm produces fruits and vegetables to be sold and shipped to the market

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21
Q

Mixed crop and livestock systems

A

An agricultural system that combines the cultivation of crops with the raising of livestock on the same farm

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22
Q

Extensive agriculture

A

System of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to area of land being farmed.

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23
Q

Organic farming

A

Food grown and processed using no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.

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24
Q

Shifting Cultivation

A

A subsistence farming practice where farmers clear land, grow crops for a few years, and then move on to another plot.

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25
Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
A farming method that involves cutting down trees and burning them to create fields for cultivation.
26
Pastoral nomadism / pastoral herding.
A form of pastoralism in which livestock are herded in order to seek for fresh pastures on which to graze.
27
Transhumance
The seasonal movement of livestock between higher and lower altitudes.
28
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
A farm where animals are raised in confinement, instead of grazing.
29
Whittlesey’s Agricultural Regions Map
Based on a combination of climatic conditions and the types of crops grown.
30
Domestication
The process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.
31
Foragers
A person who collects edible plants or fungi for consumption.
32
Agricultural hearth
Areas from where the origins of agricultural ideas and innovation began and spread.
33
Fertile Crescent
Believed to be the first region where settled farming emerged.
34
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World.
35
First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic)
The historical period when humans transitioned from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture.
36
Second Agricultural Revolution
increased the productivity of farming through mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation.
37
Enclosure System
the process that ended traditional rights on common land formerly held in the open field system
38
Third Agricultural Revolution
an array of improvements in plant breeds and agrochemicals resulting in a huge boom in crop yields and a reduction of hunger worldwide.
39
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Organisms that have had their DNA altered using genetic engineering.
40
Green Revolution (aka Third agricultural revolution)
an array of improvements in plant breeds and agrochemicals resulting in a huge boom in crop yields and a reduction of hunger worldwide
41
Infrastructure
the basic facilities and system serving a country, region, or community
42
Dual Agricultural Economy
An economy having two agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand.
43
Agribusiness
the business of agriculture, which includes the production, processing, and distribution of farm-based goods.
44
Hybrid crops
Common field crops like corn, tomatoes and carrots
45
Vertical Integration
a business strategy where a company owns and controls multiple stages of its production process
46
Commodity chain
a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers.
47
Farm Subsidies
Subsidies provide farmers with financial support that can reduce their operational costs, allowing them to produce crops that may otherwise be unprofitable.
48
Tariffs
A tax on imported goods and services.
49
Von Thünen model
A theoretical framework that explains how agricultural land use patterns are organized around a central market
50
Milkshed
a region that produces milk for a community and delivers it without spoiling.
51
Global supply chains
Networks that can span across multiple continents and countries with a purpose of sourcing and supplying goods and services.
52
Cash crop
Agricultural crops that are planted for the purpose of selling on the market or for export to make profit.
53
Fair trade
a way of paying farmers in developing countries fairly for their products
54
Sustainable Agriculture
intended to protect the environment, expand the Earth's natural resource base, and maintain and improve soil fertility.
55
Agricultural landscapes
a geographical area that has been modified by human activity to cultivate crops and raise livestock.
56
Agroecosystem
Communities of plants and animals interacting with their physical and chemical environments that have been modified by people to produce food.
57
Deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land.
58
Terracing
a soil conservation practice applied to prevent rainfall runoff on sloping land from accumulating and causing serious erosion.
59
Aquaculture
breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.
60
Reservoir
A man made lake where water is stored.
61
Aquifer
A body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater.
62
Wetlands
Area of land that is covered by water and hard for farmers to produce agriculture
63
Desertification
The process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid, unproductive, and desert-like.
64
Biodiversity
all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area
65
Salinization
the increase of salt concentration in soil
66
Debt-for-nature swaps
When a country exchanges a portion of its debt for a commitment to protect the environment.
67
Biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products for specific purposes.
68
Agricultural biodiversity
the diversity of crops, livestock, and other products.
69
Precision agriculture
a farming management technique that uses technology to improve crop yields and sustainability.
70
Value-added crops
Agricultural products that are enhanced through processing, packaging, or marketing to increase their economic value beyond the raw product.
71
Food security and insecurity
A household was unable to acquire adequate food because they had insufficient money and other resources for food.
72
Suburbanization
The process of people moving from cities to the surrounding suburbs.
73
Food deserts
A community or neighborhood where residents have limited access to healthy, affordable food.
74
Economies of scale
The reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases.

Agriculture Unit Ap Human Geo. (1 decks)

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