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Semester 2 Exams > ah ze fungiiiiiiiiii > Flashcards

ah ze fungiiiiiiiiii Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

what part of the fungi lies underneath the soil?

A

the mycelium

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2
Q

3 ways in which fungo are like animals

A

not producers
no photosynthesis
chitin not cellulose e.g. like insects

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3
Q

3 ways in which fungi are like plants

A

grow on a substrate
non motile
cell walls

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4
Q

which other group is fungi closest to?

A

animals

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5
Q

how many described species of fungi are there, and how many are estimated

A

100,000

estimated 0.8 to 5.1 million

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6
Q

which continent has fewer fungi than others and why

A

africa

soil acidity

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7
Q

why is there a positive correlation between fungi abundance and annual precipitatoin

A

mycelium cannot prevent water loss

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8
Q

show the diversity of fungal size

A

smallest e.g. yeast - 3-4ym long

armellaria ostoyae - honey fungi worlds largest organism
4 square miles large

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9
Q

describe saprotrophs

A

get energy from already dead material many have fruiting bodies

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10
Q

describe symbionts

A

interact with plant rooting sytem

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11
Q

desccribe how symbionts increase nutrtient uptake

A

release enzymes into the soil that alter the pH

have many specific nutrient transporters

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12
Q

what % of plants dont have mycorrhizae

A

90%

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13
Q

what percentage of crop plants are lost to fugal pathogens , how many people could this feed?

A

8-10%

feed 600 million

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14
Q

why would it be catastrophiv if we had no more saprotrophic fungi?

A

without them we would get an acuumulation of plant remains nutrinets would be bound up and soil depleted of atmospheric CO2 for photosynthesis

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15
Q

describe breifly the growth pattern of fungal growth

A

spore - dormant
hyphae - long branching filamentous structure
mycelium - collective name for mass of hyphae derived from one spore

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16
Q

hyphae can take up ______ quickly but lose ______ quickly

A

nutrients

water

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17
Q

_________ fungi form hyphae

A

filamentous

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18
Q

what is different about oomycetes and fungi

A

oomyects have cellulose as well as chitin

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19
Q

describe the layers of the fungal cell wall

A

inner most layer - chitin and proteins

protein layer

reticulum - proteins and glucans

outer layer glucans

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20
Q

functions of the fungal cell wall

A 
maintain cell shape 
barrier to the external world 
molecular sieve 
cellular protection 
antigenic properties
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21
Q

fungal hyphae always grow from the ____. here the cytoplasm is _____ and their are more ________

A

Tip
denser
mitochondria

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22
Q

where does digestion occur in fungi

A

hyphal tips

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23
Q

fungi are heterotrophic what does this mean

A

acquire external sources of food

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24
Q

fungi excrete enzymes to perform __________ digestion.

A

extracellular digestion

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25
describe the process of extra cellular digestion
vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release digestive enzymes and cell compents digestive enzymes bream down extra cellular proteins a d small organic molecules organic molecules are taken into hyphal via plasma membrane transporter proteins higher solute concentration in hypha causes water uptake via osmosis as a result cells enlarge and hyphal tip extends new cell wall materials are added to cell wall
26
desscribe the following zones of fungi - extension - productive - fruiting - aged
extension - digestion and excretion productive zone - fungal colonny produces reproductive structures fruiting zone = initation of fruting zone aged zone = hyphae become vaculated and empty - autolysis occurs
27
define homothalic
mate with themselves
28
define heterothalic
heterothalic only isolates of oppsoite mating type can mate
29
why did anisogamy species used to be named twice?
male and female parts look different
30
four larger groups of fungi
higher fungi - ascomycota and basidiomycota - have sperate hyphae zygomycota - non seperate hyphae one long cell with several nuclei imperfect fungi - no sexual stage known
31
describe basidiomycota, how many species?
club fungi fruiting body = mushroom 31,500 described species
32
fungi can get so large because their growth is _______
indeterminate
33
describe the basidium
microscopic spore producing structure - basidia presence is charcteristic of basidomycota forms basdidia from which spores form
34
describe the reproduction of basiodomycota, stating wether diploid dikaryotric or haploid at each stage
1) spores land and germinate - haploid 2) hyphal union - hyphale fuse and plasmogamy occurs - dikaryotic 3) fruiting body forms - develops above ground gills lined with hymenium still dikaryotic 4) karyogamy - fusion of haploid nuclei in the basidium becomes diploid - 2n 5) meiosis occurs to form basidiospores - released and are haploid
35
are spores toxic?
no, its metabolites within the mushroom that are toxic
36
what is the largest phyla of fungi and how many are there
ascomycota | 64,000 species
37
define the ascus
microscopic sac like sexual structure where the spores are formed
38
desribe the life cycle of a ascomycota
1) formation of gametangia = sexual structures formed from thin hyphae = trichogyne - ascogonium and antheridium 2) nuclei migrate towards the ascogonium, forms a dikaryotic mycelium from which an ascocarp forms (fruiting body) 3) hymenium forms from ascocarp, tissue layer where the cell develop into asci in the bottom of the cup 4) karyogamy occurs - fusion of two haploid nuclei in the ascus followed by meiosis and mitosis
39
describe zygomycota
molds symbionts and pathogens small phylum 1050 described species
40
describe the sex of zygomycota
hyphae of oppsoite mating types grow side by side tips develop into gametangia which produce gametes gametangia and gametes fuse resulting zygote develops into a resistant zygospore via plasogamy all haploid up till this point fertilises itself - karyogamy into a diploid multinucleate zygospore with zygosporangium
41
define plasmogamy and karyogamy
plasmogamy = fusion of two hyphae karyogamy = fertilisation
42
why does wood pose a porblem to fungi and how do they overcome it? what is the brown rot fungi method
OH groups in lignin causes tight bonds to cellulose and hemicellulose forming a barrier to enzymes and prevents penetration of lignocellulytic enzymes into the interior structure fungi have special ligninases that can break it down but it takes ages brown rot fungi - breaks down the cellulose by using hydrogen peroxide produced from hemicellulose - diffuses into the tissue leading to decay and cracks into cuboids
43
describe how pathogenic fungi decay trees
access the centre of the tree via the xylem of phloem dead material in the centre is degraded and pathogen moves outwards
44
lichens are a mutualistic symbiotic relationoship between what?
fungus and an algae/cyanobacteria
45
describe the relationship between fungi and alage in lichen
alage provides food for the fungi and the fungi provides water and protects the alage from the environment
46
what are the two types of mycorrhizae
endo - hyphae penetrate the cells ecto - hyphae dont penetrate the cells
47
3 types of endomycorrhiza
arbuscular - form structures within cells ericoid orchidaceous mycorrhiza
48
the two ways of infection by fungi
necrotrophic | biotrophic
49
how do necrotrophs work?
destroy host tissue via hydrolytic enzymes then feed on the dead plant material
50
how do biotrophs work
invade tissue without killing it and rely on the living tissue
51
what triggers a hemibiotroph to become a necrotroph
penetrating the tissue
52
what is the infecting structure of airborne biotrophs called
appressorium
53
what is the response of plants to destroy an invading biotroph
kill their own cells
54
what is the haustorium?
a specilaised hyphae used to extract nutrtients from living cells in biotrophs
55
why are biotrophs a large problem to argiculture
reduces yield as photosynthesis reduces pathogen reduces defence and hence suseptibility to other diseases
56
what type of fungus causes the following diseases
stem rust - basidiomycete | powdery mildew - ascomycete
57
cost of necrotrophs to agriculture in USA through the 1990s
3 billion
58
describe mycotoxin deoxynivalenol aka vomitoxin
virulence factor problem in devleoping countries binds to ribosomes causing cell deaths
59
dutch elm disease was caused by _______ spread by _____
ascomycete fungus spread by elm bark bettle
60
describe biocontrol techniues to deal with fungal pathogens
hyperparasitic fungi grow on the bad fungi
61
what is intersting about the cordyceps phyla
type of ascomycetes that are involved in causing insects to become zombie like
62
describe the nematophagus fungus
eats nematodes | inflatable loops and snares
63
what is chytridomycosis? describe its unique reproduction strategy when a japanese tree frog is its host
disease caused by chytrid fungus that infects amphibians worldwide invades skin and f=grows infected skin cant osmoregulate makes japanese tree frogs make longer calls which attracts more females increasing the chance of the pathogen spreading

Semester 2 Exams (10 decks)

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