AI attempt

Question 1

What are the causes of voice disorders?

Answer 1

Functional, Structural, Neurogenic, Psychogenic

Functional refers to inefficient voice use. Structural includes vocal fold abnormalities and trauma to the larynx. Neurogenic involves abnormalities to CNS/PNS. Psychogenic relates to psychological stressors.

Question 2

Which professions are at a higher risk of developing voice disorders?

Answer 2

• Teachers
• Ministers/Preachers
• Singers
• Exercise Coaches
• Theater/Performers
• Customer Service roles
• Phone/IT

Question 3

What are the major muscles involved in inhalation?

Answer 3

• Diaphragm
• External Intercostals

Question 4

What are the functions of the diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 4

Increase vertical dimensions of thorax, increase thoracic volume, decrease alveolar pressure

May flare lower ribs and increase circumference of thorax.

Question 5

What muscles are involved in exhalation?

Answer 5

• Rectus Abdominis
• External and Internal Obliques
• Transversus Abdominis

Question 6

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

Answer 6

Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Question 7

What occurs in the thorax and diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 7

Diaphragm moves downward, thorax expands upward and outward, increasing thoracic circumference.

Question 8

What happens during exhalation in terms of lung pressure and volume?

Answer 8

Decrease in thoracic cavity size decreases lung volume, leading to an increase in lung pressure.

Question 9

What are the differences between resting breathing and speech breathing?

Answer 9

Speech breathing has faster inhalation, prolonged exhalation, and greater volume displacement.

Question 10

What is the role of the thyroid cartilage in pitch change?

Answer 10

Thyroid rocks forward and downward to increase pitch.

Question 11

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 11

Increases vocal fold tension and reduces distance between cricoid arch and thyroid lamina.

Question 12

Identify the five layers of the vocal folds.

Answer 12

• Epithelium
• Superficial layer LP
• Intermediate Layer LP
• Deep layer LP
• Vocalis Muscle

Question 13

What normal aging changes can we expect in individuals ≥65 years old regarding vocal folds?

Answer 13

Tissue stiffens, increased viscosity, degeneration of mucous glands, decrease in vascular supply.

Question 14

What is the Bernoulli effect?

Answer 14

Air flowing through a constriction creates a suction force perpendicular to the movement of air.

Question 15

What mechanisms can we use to change the loudness of our voice?

Answer 15

• Increase subglottal pressure
• Medial compression of vocal folds
• Adjust vocal tract to coincide with harmonics

Question 16

What are the goals of a voice assessment?

Answer 16

• Determine presence/absence of a voice disorder
• Assess voice function strengths and weaknesses
• Determine severity of a voice disorder
• Assess impact on daily activities
• Establish treatment goals and methods
• Educate/counsel the patient

Question 17

What information is gathered during a case history interview?

Answer 17

• Patient description of voice problem
• Onset and duration
• Previous episodes
• Effects on daily activities
• Vocal demands
• Health and medical history

Question 18

Why is a self-report voice questionnaire important?

Answer 18

It assesses the impact of voice on function and quality of life, and tracks pre/post treatment changes.

Question 19

What parameters can you assess during an auditory-perceptual evaluation?

Answer 19

• Pitch
• Loudness
• Quality
• Resonance
• Overall voice quality

Question 20

What is the S/Z ratio used to measure?

Answer 20

Estimate of laryngeal efficiency by comparing the length of time a person can sustain /s/ and /z/ sounds.

Question 21

What are common phonotraumatic behaviors?

Answer 21

• Hard glottal attack
• Persistent glottal fry
• Excessive talking or yelling
• Excessive coughing or throat-clearing

Question 22

What are the three main categories of voice disorders?

Answer 22

• Functional
• Organic
• Neurologic

Question 23

What is the role of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

Answer 23

Adductor muscle of the larynx that adducts vocal folds.

Question 24

What happens during the closing phase of the vibratory cycle?

Answer 24

Elastic recoil returns vocal folds to equilibrium, aided by aerodynamic forces.

Question 25

What are common phonotraumatic behaviors?

Answer 25

* Hard glottal attack * Laryngeal squeezing * Persistent glottal fry * Excessive talking or talking too loudly * Excessive coughing or throat-clearing * Yelling/screaming or making unusual sounds ## Footnote Phonotraumatic behaviors can lead to voice disorders and are often associated with vocal misuse or overuse.

Question 26

What are behavioral strategies to address LPR?

Answer 26

* Reduce intake of caffeine, alcohol, peppermint, high-fat foods, fried foods, spicy foods, and acidic foods * Increase intake of lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains * Quit smoking * Eat smaller and more frequent meals * Avoid bending over or lying on your back shortly after eating * Avoid eating at least three hours before going to bed * Elevate the head of the bed 6-8 inches * Sleep on your left side * Avoid tight clothing in the abdominal area * Don’t exercise too soon after eating * Reduce stress with management techniques * Maintain a healthy weight ## Footnote These strategies can help alleviate symptoms associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).

Question 27

What are the overall characteristics of Vocal Nodules?

Answer 27

* Callous-like swellings * Roughness/breathiness * Difficulty with high pitch sounds * Reduced pitch * Vocal fatigue * Early nodules are red, soft, pliable; chronic are hard, white, thick, fibrotic ## Footnote Vocal nodules are typically caused by phonotraumatic behaviors and can significantly affect vocal quality.

Question 28

What are the auditory-perceptual and acoustic features of Vocal Polyp?

Answer 28

* Roughness, breathiness * Decreased pitch and pitch range * Decreased loudness * Vocal fatigue * Increased airflow * Decreased subglottal pressures ## Footnote Vocal polyps are often unilateral and can occur as a result of vocal misuse or trauma.

Question 29

What are the characteristics of Reinke’s Edema?

Answer 29

* Buildup of fluids in Reinke's space * Correlated with smoking * Rough and breathy voice * Low pitch due to more mass and decreased stiffness * Increased laryngeal resistance * Incomplete VF closure ## Footnote Reinke's Edema can lead to significant voice changes, often requiring medical intervention.

Question 30

What is Puberphonia?

Answer 30

* Changes in voice due to puberty * Adolescent raises pitch to or above puberty level (falsetto) * Failure to accept new voice and lower pitch ## Footnote Puberphonia is characterized by an inappropriate pitch level following puberty and may require therapeutic intervention.

Question 31

What are the defining features of a Cyst on the vocal folds?

Answer 31

* Fluid-filled sac of VF * Unilateral * Affects glottal margin or superior/inferior surface of VFs * Congenital * Blocked glandular duct on inferior part of VF ## Footnote Cysts may cause breathiness and vocal fatigue, and they often require surgical intervention.

Question 32

What are the characteristics of Sulcus Vocalis?

Answer 32

* Furrow along upper medial edge of VFs * Uni or bilateral * Congenital * Hoarseness, high pitch * Decreased loudness * Increased effort and vocal fatigue ## Footnote Sulcus Vocalis can lead to significant voice issues and requires careful assessment and management.

Question 33

What is the main issue associated with Supraglottic Hyperfunction?

Answer 33

* Longitudinal groove * Spindle glottal closure * Decreased mucosal wave and amplitude of vibration ## Footnote Supraglottic hyperfunction can complicate voice production and is often a compensatory response to other laryngeal issues.

Question 34

What are the effects of Laryngeal Web?

Answer 34

* Band of tissue connecting VFs * May compromise airway * Congenital failure of normal tissue reabsorption * Acquired from VF trauma * Hoarseness, high pitch * Difficulty sustaining phonation * Respiratory distress * Stridor ## Footnote Laryngeal webs can lead to significant airway issues and require surgical intervention.

Question 35

What are the characteristics of Vocal Fold Paralysis?

Answer 35

* When some or all laryngeal muscles cannot contract * Can occur at any point along CNX, or brainstem * Affects adults and kids * Symptoms vary based on type of paralysis (SLN vs RLN) ## Footnote Vocal fold paralysis can lead to various voice disorders and requires thorough evaluation and management.

Question 36

What are some goals of voice therapy?

Answer 36

* Restore normal laryngeal tissue to best extent possible * Eliminate laryngeal discomfort * Optimize functional potential of the larynx * Develop and use a voice that serves client’s social and occupational needs * Set realistic expectations * Re-educate client on effective voice use ## Footnote These goals are essential for effective voice therapy and must be tailored to individual client needs.

Question 37

What are common side effects of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer?

Answer 37

* Dental loss * Edema * Erythema * Mucositis * Xerostomia * Trismus ## Footnote Understanding these side effects is crucial for managing patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer.

Question 38

What is the advantage of Tracheoesophageal speech?

Answer 38

* More natural voice * Greater sound duration * Improved sound quality ## Footnote Tracheoesophageal speech is a common method for patients who have undergone laryngectomy and can provide a functional means of communication.

Question 39

What is the focus of transgender affirming voice management?

Answer 39

* Treat voice dysphoria * Safety (internal and external) * Exploration of gender identity * Increase social participation * Self-efficacy and empowerment * Resonance, articulation, breath support, phonation ## Footnote This approach aims to help clients achieve a voice that aligns with their gender identity while ensuring their safety and comfort.

Question 40

What are some approaches to treat chronic cough?

Answer 40

* Break the irritation cough cycle * Detailed questioning about cough nature and environment * Utilize a questionnaire * Train awareness of cough triggers * Encourage hydration and nasal breathing * Use cough suppression techniques ## Footnote These strategies can help individuals manage chronic cough effectively and improve their quality of life.

Question 41

What are the principles of healthcare ethics applied to voice management?

Answer 41

* Autonomy * Beneficence * Non-maleficence * Justice ## Footnote Adhering to these principles ensures ethical considerations in voice management and treatment planning.

Question 42

How can cultural differences impact voice management?

Answer 42

Cultural beliefs, communication styles, and perceptions of voice can affect treatment approaches and client engagement. ## Footnote Understanding cultural contexts is vital for providing effective and respectful voice therapy.