AICP Pre-Test Cards

Question 1

Federal Facility Cleanup Activities Guidelines

Answer 1

1992 Federal Facilities Environmental Restoration Dialogue Committee

1. Strive to create a process in which communities and federal agencies are seen as partners in the dialogue on cleanup issues.
2. Develop linkages among communities and public stakeholders, to share information about how priorities are being set and decisions will be made.
3. Produce results that restore the environment, while maintaining local community needs.
4. Provide access to resources, information, and training, so that all stakeholders are able to participate in decision-making.

Question 2

Computer-aided negotiation

Answer 2

a project-management tool that illustrates the relationships among all the activities involved in completing a project and identifies the sequence of activities likely to take the longest to complete

Question 3

ZBB

Answer 3

zero-based budgeting

Question 4

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Answer 4

Based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core. As of 2013, OMB defined and delineated 388 MSAs. A typical MSA is centered on a single large city that wields substantial influence over the region. However, some MSAs contain more than one large city.

Question 5

1937 Housing Act

Answer 5

Viewed as a progressive bill that established a permanent public housing program in the U.S. Section 8 of the act authorized the payment of rental housing assistance to private landlords. Section 8 also authorized “project-based” rental assistance programs where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building for low-income tenants.

Question 6

Fifth Amendment

Answer 6

Provides that “no person shall be…deprived of…property, without due process of law; Nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

Question 7

Norman Krumholz

Answer 7

Equity planning

Question 8

Top 5 Household Surveys

Answer 8

American Community Survey; American Housing Survey; Current Population Survey; National Crime Victimization Survey; National Health Interview Survey

Question 9

AASHTO Functional Classification System

Answer 9

Functional classification is the process by which streets and highways are grouped into classes, or systems, according to the character of traffic service that they are intended to provide. There are three highway functional classifications: arterial, collector, and local roads.

Question 10

Collector Street

Answer 10

Provide a moderate amount of land access, distribute travel to smaller areas, and interconnect major roads.

Question 11

Environmental Justice

Answer 11

Bill Clinton - 1994

EPA executive order 12898 -Federal actions to address environmental justice in minority populations and low-income populations.

Purpose to focus federal attention on environmental and human health effects of federal actions on minority and low-income populations with the goal of achieving environmental protection for all communities.

Question 12

Audience Response System

Answer 12

Instant polling software used in conjunction with a slide presentation. A USB receiver/base station retrieves data provided by an audience using wireless hand-held devices and stores this information on the presenters computer. Some ARS programs offer the option of participating in the processes via personal cell phones or laptops. The most obvious benefit of ARS is the change to receive instant and accurate feedback from the audience. The feedback is assumed to represent honest opinions because answers are anonymous.

Question 13

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

Answer 13

According to the act, the rezoning process includes:

1. submittal of zoning application. 2. application reviewed by staff. 3. notice given of planning commission hearing. 4. staff report created. 5. planning commission hearing. 6. planning commission recommendation. 7. Recommendation forwarded to governing body. 8. notice given of governing body public hearing. 9. governing body public hearing occurs. 10. governing body decision.

Question 14

Federal Definition of Homelessness

Answer 14

A person who lacks a fixed, regular nighttime residence…and has a primary night residency that is: a shelter or “a public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings.”

Question 15

Fire Ratings

Answer 15

Based on distance to nearest fire station and availability of water to service a fire.

Question 16

Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

Answer 16

Gross floor area/buildable area

Question 17

Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Concept

Answer 17

Identifies 5,000-9,000 residents with a density of 10 units per acre and a school at the center and buildings around the edges for shopping

Question 18

Cost-Revenue Analysis

Answer 18

Takes into account anticipated revenues and expected expenditures in capital and recurring sources.

Question 19

Percentage of Multigenerational Households

Answer 19

In 2009, 16.7% of population lived in multigenerational households based on ACS data.

Question 20

Climate Change 5 Strategic Points of Intervention

Answer 20

Long-range goal setting

Plan making

Standards, policies, and incentives

Public investment

Development work

Question 21

Satisficing

Answer 21

Herbert Simon

A decision-making strategy that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met.

Question 22

National Rate of Homeownership

Answer 22

According to 2010 census, 65% of residential units are owner-occupied.

Question 23

Columbia, Maryland

Answer 23

in 1963, The Rouse Company began the development of the 14,000 acre master planned development. It was developed to provide jobs, recreation, shopping, health care, and a mix of housing at different price points. Designed to create a jobs housing balance.

• Master planned community
• Prior land assembly
• Neighborhood clusters

Question 24

Colocation Facility

Answer 24

Allows businesses to rent storage space for servers and other equipment. It provides space, power, cooling, and physical security for the networking equipment for many different companies.

Question 25

Nonsampling error

Answer 25

Relates to things that can happen that create unreliable data

Question 26

Detroit Vacant Lots

Answer 26

Detroit has approximately 70,000 vacant lots making up approximately 27% of the land area.

Question 27

Traffic Volume Measurement

Answer 27

Average Daily Traffic (ADS) - number of vehicles that travel on a road in any given day

Question 28

Number of Acres of Land per Household to Feed US Population

Answer 28

Two acres to feed a household of four using bio-intensive method of agriculture.

Question 29

Nuisance Laws

Answer 29

Prior to comprehensive zoning ordinances, local governments used these to ensure property owners were able to have the quiet enjoyment of their land.

Question 30

Biophilic Design

Answer 30

Brings humans and nature together through sustainable strategies, which can include lighting, ventilation, access to water and natural elements.

Question 31

Dillon's Rule

Answer 31

1872, Judge Dillon found that local governments are subordinate to the state and are only authorized to perform actions permitted by the state.

Question 32

Home Rule

Answer 32

Authorized home rule jurisdictions the authority to pass regulations without express authorization from the state.

Question 33

Planning Agency Organization

Answer 33

Subject Area: transportation, land use, housing Functional Approach: planning, regulations, information systems, investment, policy Legal Status: legislative functions (planning, code writing), quasi-judicial (regulatory), enforcement (permit administration)

Question 34

Saul Alinsky

Answer 34

1909-1972 Community organizer and activist. Founded the Industrial Areas Foundation in Chicago. An influential writer who wrote Feveille for Radicals (1946) and Rules for Radicals (1972), which are important statements of community organizing.

Question 35

National Marriage Rates

Answer 35

Just over half of adults age 18 and older were married in 2010, compared with 72% in 1960. Only 20% of 18-29 year old's were married in 2010 vs. 59% in 1960.

Question 36

Location Quotient

Answer 36

Score lower than 1 means importing employment Score greater than 1 means exporting employment

Question 37

Arterial Street

Answer 37

Limits direct access to homes and businesses

Question 38

Hectare

Answer 38

Metric unit of square measure. 2.47 acres in a hectare

Question 39

Economic Base Analysis

Answer 39

looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting (basic) industries make up the economic base of a region.

Question 40

Communicative Planning Theory

Answer 40

Consensus building

Question 41

Rational Planning

Answer 41

using a scientific process to plan

Question 42

Incremental Planning

Answer 42

viewing planning as a series of incremental steps

Question 43

Transactive Planning

Answer 43

Working one on one with citizens to develop a plan associated with transactive planning.

Question 44

Average width of parking space in a parking lot

Answer 44

9'

Question 45

Neighborhood Planning Process

Answer 45

1. Engage the public 2. Define the problems 3. Present the necessary information 4. Identify goals

Question 46

Change Interval

Answer 46

The amount of time between messages on a digital sign. The Federal Highway Administration recommends a change interval of 4-10 seconds.

Question 47

First Amendment

Answer 47

Freedom of speech

Question 48

14th Amendment

Answer 48

due process

Question 49

Fiscal Impact Analysis

Answer 49

tool that compares the local government costs against local government revenues associated with development policies and projects. This method is best used for a single development project to determine the revenues and expenses of the project.

Question 50

Zoning and Subdivision Regulations

Answer 50

Enabled by state statues

Question 51

Heat Map

Answer 51

(or kernel density map) shows areas of elevated concentrations

Question 52

Beneficiary assessment

Answer 52

Used by the World Bank and other development organizations to make sure a project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them, particularly the poor and those without political power. The technique solicits qualitative information about the development activity. This can include interviews, focus groups, and participant observations.

Question 53

Henry Wright

Answer 53

designed Radburn, NJ ("town in which people could live peacefully with the automobile-or rather in spite of it")

Question 54

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

Answer 54

The court held the state law that prevented plaintiff from constructing homes on his coastal lots because they were located in a coastal zone, constituted a taking requiring just compensation because there was no reasonably economically viable use of the property.

Question 55

Metromedia v. City of San Diego

Answer 55

1981 - the city passed an ordinance that banned off-premise signage. Metromedia filed suit alleging this a violation of free speech (First Amendment) and violated due process (14th Amendment). The court found that commercial and non-commercial speech cannot be treated differently and that the ordinance gave preferential treatment to commercial speech.

Question 56

Chicane

Answer 56

A short, shallow S-shaped turn that requires drivers to turn slightly left and then right again to stay on the road which results in slowing down speeds. Chicanes are most effective when there are volumes of traffic that are similar from both approaches.

Question 57

Diagonal parking

Answer 57

Can reduce traffic speeds, but best applied in non-residential areas.

Question 58

Roundabouts

Answer 58

intended to slow traffic while increasing traffic efficiency

Question 59

Speed hump

Answer 59

Have to be placed continuously along a road to be effective in keeping speeds low

Question 60

Concurrency requirement

Answer 60

development cannot occur until capital improvements are in place

Question 61

Housing affordability

Answer 61

The ratio of median housing price to median income shows how affordable or unaffordable a community may be. A ratio of greater than 2.5 would indicate that the housing may be unaffordable.

Question 62

Coupon rate

Answer 62

the interest for bonds, notes, and other securities.

Question 63

Kelo v City of New London

Answer 63

Eminent domain case: Local governments may force the sale of private property and make way for private economic development when officials decide it would benefit the public. This case found the interpretation of public use is broad

Question 64

Drosscape

Answer 64

urban design framework that examines urbanized regions as the product of past economic and industrial processes. The concept developed by Alan Berger focuses on the redesign and adaptive reuse of waste landscapes within regions.

Question 65

Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo

Answer 65

1972, New York Adequate public facilities (timing controls) The city can require developers to obtain a special permit for residential development, the issuance of which is dependent on the town's provision of specified services and facilities; it is not a temporary takings either. The court won't uphold growth moratoria, but it is permissible to guide development along a predetermined course. The city had done a lot of study and had developed a capital plan.

Question 66

John Friedmann

Answer 66

Transactive planning

Question 67

Adverse possession

Answer 67

A method of acquiring title to a property by possession of time, based on statute.

Question 68

Squatters rights

Answer 68

squatters typically do not have a right to the title of the property but cannot be removed without due process.

Question 69

Homesteading

Answer 69

occurs when the land has no legal owner or is owned by the government. The government can allow homesteading with an expectation that the person occupying the property will undertake specific actions to gain the title.

Question 70

Adverse abandonment

Answer 70

associated with acquiring land abandoned by a railroad

Question 71

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act

Answer 71

requires that religious freedom not be interrupted by treating churches with stronger requirements than other like uses.

Question 72

Charles Lindblom

Answer 72

incrementalism

Question 73

Nectow v. City of Cambridge

Answer 73

1928, US Supreme Court Zoning is not without limits If there is an invasion of property rights without clear evidence of public benefit, the ordinance is unlawful. Public health, safety, morals, or general welfare should show benefit. Case involves zoning parcel as a buffer between industrial and residential - zoning reduced value of land.

Question 74

Urbanized Areas (UAs) and Urban Clusters (UCs)

Answer 74

Form the urban cores of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, respectively. Each metropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more people; each micropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 people. Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas represent the county-based functional regions associated with urban centers (hence, the generic term "core based statistical areas")

Question 75

Indian Reorganization Act

Answer 75

1934 - allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare.

Question 76

Business Improvement District

Answer 76

provide funds to clean the sidewalks, police the streets, and keep up the appearance of the downtown. Property owners agree to an increase in the district's tax rate, and the revenue from the tax increase is used to fund improvements inside the district.

Question 77

Inclusionary Zoning

Answer 77

usually practiced in urban areas, this is planning communities and developments that will provide housing to all income brackets. Inclusionary zoning ordinances often require any new housing construction to include a set percentage of affordable housing units.

Question 78

Distributed housing unit method

Answer 78

an allocation method that uses housing units, occupancy rate, and household size to estimate the size of a population.

Question 79

Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21)

Answer 79

provides funding for passenger rail, public transit, bicycle, and pedestrian paths

Question 80

Lease-purchase

Answer 80

allows for the rental of a building or property with the exclusive option to purchase at specified points in the agreement

Question 81

1901 Tenement Act

Answer 81

banned construction of poorly ventilated, dark and unsanitary housing. Stipulated that buildings had to have outward facing windows in every room, open courtyard, indoor toilets and fire escapes- egress.

Question 82

Renewable Power

Answer 82

broad and can include hydroelectric, solar, wind, biomass, etc.

Question 83

Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore

Answer 83

related to when building permits could be developed based on the availability of infrastructure.

Question 84

Mugler v. Kansas

Answer 84

- 1887 - Forced closing of a brewery without compensation, ruling held in court in order to protect the "health and safety" of the community, required no compensation

Question 85

CORBOR

Answer 85

National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Boarder Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005 but was discontinued under the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program.

Question 86

Charrette

Answer 86

type of participatory planning process that assembles an interdisciplinary team - typically consisting of planners, citizens, city officials, architects, landscape architects, transportation engineers, parks and recreation officials, and other stakeholders - to create a design and implementation plan for a specific project. It is design based and usually compressed into a short period of time.

Question 87

Nominal Group Technique

Answer 87

allows for brainstorming allowing for all members of a group to meaningfully participate. There are silent times allowing for idea generation followed by individual sharing of ideas.

Question 88

Arbitration

Answer 88

Form of dispute resolution. In arbitration an independent third party marked a judicial determination of a dispute. Arbitration is commonly used in union contract disputes.

Question 89

Stratified Sample

Answer 89

This sample has the population divided into strata according to variables that are thought to be related to the variables of interest. Then a sample is taken from every stratum. This is intended to reduce sampling error because the strata are related to the variables of interest - in this case, housing values.