AICP_History Flashcards
(118 cards)
Andres Duany
1982 New Urbanism - Seaside, Andres Duany
Appalachian Regional Commission, 1963
Federal, state and local government partnership initially formed in 1963 to create economic development in Appalachia � 420 counties, 13 states, 8 independent cities
Robert Lang
He authored over 150 academic and professional publications on a wide range of topics and developed many new urban planning concepts such as �boomburbs,� �edgeless cities,� and �megapolitan areas.
Vieux Carr� Commission
New Orleans - Vieux Carr� Commission in 1937 to maintain the French Quarter
Neighborhood Unit Concept
(Clarence Perry), Inspired by Garden Cities. Promoted neighborhood community and recreation centers. Outlined in The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs and centered around the following design guidelines:1. The school should be in the center of the neighborhood so each child did not walk more than ¼ mile and did not have to cross major roadways. The neighborhood should support between 5,000 and 9,000 residents and the school should have a large play area that the entire community could use.2. Major arterial roads would be located along the perimeter to eliminate through traffic. This would prevent the neighborhood from being split by hard to cross roads.3. Internal streets would be curvilinear for aesthetic and safety concerns. They would discourage through-traffic and be distinguished from arterial streets.4. Local shopping would be placed along the neighborhood’s perimeter or at the main entrance so non-local traffic would not intrude in the neighborhood.5. At least 10% of land area would be dedicated to parks and open space so there would be more opportunities for play and community socialization.
Development of DC
1791 Pierre L’Enfant (hired by Washington), designed as orthogonal, gridded street network with diagonal avenues connecting key civic buildings and spaces visually. East-west buildings had letters, N/S had numbers. Plan would be modified by McMillan in 1901 to include Mall
McMillan Plan
1902 The Senate Park Commission wrote the McMillan Plan, a landmark comprehensive planning document, to revive and update the L’Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C. The McMillan Plan focused on the city’s parks and monuments. It redesigned the National Mall and determined the locations of the Lincoln Memorial, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, Union Station, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Building, among other changes. The McMillan Plan is still the basis of most of Washington, D.C.’s planning, and helped boost the career of Daniel Burnham, who worked on the plan. It could be considered the first real expression in the United States of the City Beautiful movement, which emphasized grandeur and beautification in planning.
Charles Winslow
1920s - defined public health as science and art of preventing disease, organizing community efforts for sanitation, controlling infections, and educating public, and developing social machinery to ensure individual in the community a standard of living.
Sherry Arnstein
1969 book- “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” about the hierarchy of public involvement. Arnstein’s work influenced how planners and communities go about engaging the public in the planning and decision-making process, provided the theoretical framework for advocacy planning, and organized planners’ understanding of meaning public participation as a way for citizens to be equal partners in shaping programs and plans.
Edge City
1985 on, when a concentration of businesses, shopping and entertainment forms outside the traditional urban area in what had been considered the suburban or rural area of the city, making it more self-contained. Fairfax VA is an example.
5 Rules:
1) must have more than 5 million sq. f.t of offices for 20-50,000 workers
2) Must have retail space exceeding 600,000 sq. ft.
3) More jobs than bedrooms
4) must be perceived as one place by the population
5) should be nothing like a city 30 years prior
JANE JACOBS
A journalist and author rather than an academic, Jacobs was a master communicator who perhaps did more to popularize critical thinking about cities than any other individual. Her 1961 bestseller The Death and Life of Great American Cities sent shockwaves through the planning and architecture establishment by dismissing the grand plans of “the Radiant Garden City Beautiful” and pointing the way toward more human-centered urban design and bottom-up decision-making.Death and Life was a love letter to many of the things planners and other bureaucrats had been trying to eradicate with urban renewal: crowded neighborhoods, chaotic streets, jarring mixtures of people and land uses. Jacobs’s most high-profile enemy was Robert Moses, whose career she helped end with her fierce opposition to the demolition of Penn Station (at which she failed) and the Lower Manhattan Expressway (at which she was successful).Instead of freeways and superblocks, Jacobs advocated for short blocks and varied buildings, with small businesses at ground level and apartments above, much like the urban fabric of Manhattan’s West Village, where she lived. Jacobs was able to speak about cities in emotional terms, referencing people as often as she did structures and spaces. The street was a “ballet” in which everyone had their role—the butcher who kept your spare keys, the stay-at-home mom keeping an eye on the children playing in the street.Jacobs’s writing and advocacy were so compelling that they helped spur an anti-freeway, anti-urban-renewal revolt across the country, which largely ended sweeping Modernist planning and vastly expanded community control over land-use decisions (a mixed blessing).While on most counts she has been lauded as a visionary, more recent assessments find points of criticism. Jacobs’s view of her New York neighborhood was, indeed, idyllic, largely glossing over problems like housing affordability and segregation. She failed to grasp how community control over land use could exacerbate those problems. Contemporary urbanists such as Sharon Zukin have drawn a connection between Jacobs’s sensibility and that of the post-urban-crisis gentrifier.But her legacy is still being plumbed for wisdom. Jacobs—who moved to Toronto in 1968 and remained in that city until her death—anticipated the rise of right-wing populism due to growing economic inequality and the erosion of civic institutions in her final book, Dark Age Ahead.
Father of Modern Housing Code
According to available information, Lawrence Veiller is widely considered the “Father of the Modern Housing Code” due to his significant contributions and writings on tenement housing reform, advocating for improved housing standards and regulations. Key points about Lawrence Veiller:
Focus on Tenement Housing:
He was a prominent advocate for reform regarding the poor living conditions in tenement houses, which led to the development of modern housing codes.
Extensive Writings:
Veiller authored several books and publications on tenement housing issues, which heavily influenced housing regulations.
Impact on City Planning:
His work significantly impacted the field of city planning by pushing for better housing standards within urban environments.
APA creation
AIP and ASPO joined to for the APA in 1978
American Institute of Planners
American Society of Planning Officials
JANE ADDAMS
Addams, along with Ellen Gates Starr, founded Chicago’s Hull House, a woman-run “settlement house” designed to improve the lives of immigrants and the poor in Chicago’s Near West Side. A cross between a community college, rec center, and clinic, Hull House offered shelter for victims of domestic violence and language classes for recently arrived immigrants. It also included Chicago’s first public playground, in accordance with Addams’s belief that children’s play made for happier, healthier adults.Addams was a charter member of the American Sociological Association and closely collaborated with the Chicago School of Sociology. She and her staff collected detailed sociological data about their neighborhood, which they used to advocate for women’s rights and reforms on immigration and child labor.Today she is considered a founder of the field of social work. In her 1907 essay “Utilization of Women in City Government,” Addams wrote that the mandate of a modern city government primarily encompasses “civic housekeeping,” including issues like sanitation, social welfare, education, and combating vice. Because these urban problems correspond to traditional women’s roles, a more humanitarian city must include women leaders, she argued.In her later years, she became a prominent pacifist, founding the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, for which she won the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first American woman to do so.
Tennessee Valley Authority
America’s experiment in river basin planning. The Tennessee Valley Authority provides electricity for 153 local power companies serving 10 million people in Tennessee and parts of six surrounding states, as well as directly to 58 large industrial customers and federal installations. We don’t get taxpayer funding; rather, our revenues come from sales of electricity. TVA also provides flood control, navigation, and land management for the Tennessee River system and assists local power companies and regional governments with their economic development efforts. Congress initiated
Equity Planning
As a result of advocacy planning shortcomings, Norman Krumholz adopted Equity Planning in the 1970s. Equity planning made low-income needs the ultimate priority and shifted the goals of a planner to redistributing power, resources, or participation away from the elite and towards the working class or low-income citizens. Plans are evaluated on improvements to quality of life factors, as opposed to the delivery of services. Saul Alinsky, regarded as the Father of Community Organizing, is best known for his book �Rules for Radicals.� His main focus was improving living conditions in poor communities. Alan Altshuler also supported the notion that planners could not be objective and to be most effective, must be involved in the politics of planning.
Charles Abrams
As an international housing consultant, Charles Abrams had a major impact on housing policy after World War II. He was a longtime adviser to the United Nations and, in the 1950s, he chaired the New York State Commission Against Discrimination. In the mid-1960s, he headed a task force that recommended consolidating New York’s housing activities, a proposal that led to the creation of the New York City Housing and Development Administration. Designated a National Planning Pioneer in 1993.
Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr
As the designer of iconic public parks and some of America’s earliest suburbs, Olmsted became known as the founding father of landscape architecture. In fact, the polymathic Olmsted helped coin the term. Architect Calvert Vaux invited him to jointly enter the competition to design Manhattan’s Central Park. Plan combined elements of the English with more formal, geometric French landscaping. Olmsted was committed to providing high-quality, truly public spaces for the enjoyment of all, �a principle not widely held at the time.After spending two years during the Civil War as head of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, a relief agency, Olmsted reunited with his collaborator Vaux. Olmsted & Vaux would design Prospect Park in Brooklyn, Chicago’s Riverside parks. Olmsted went on to work on Boston’s Emerald Necklace and the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, along with numerous other parks, parkways, and university campuses. Also designed for first suburbs like Riverside.
Camillo Sittee
Austrian artist and City Planner, Sitte was one of the first urban writers to consciously emphasize the value of irregularity in the urban form. He challenged, among other things, a growing tendency toward rigid symmetry in contemporary urban design, including the isolated placement of churches and monuments in large, open plots.
FREDERICK BAIR JR
Author of The Text of a Model Zoning Ordinance. He also refined the land-use intensity system, which he first adapted to Norfolk, Virginia. Besides writing three editions of Model Zoning, he wrote commentaries for Land Use Law & Zoning Digest, was a founder of the Florida Planning and Zoning Association (1950), and practiced professionally, first with the Florida Development Commission and then as an independent consultant at his own firm, Bair & Abernathy.
George Perkins Marsh
Authored “Man and Nature” in 1864. recognized as first conservationist
DESIGN OF CITIES (BACON)
Bacon identifies eight elements of ‘Involvement’ in Architecture and Urban Design. To identify these elements, Bacon utilizes Francesco Guardi’s painting Architectural Capriccio. Describing these elements as functions of design, he argues the urban designer should be aware of these elements and use them as tools when developing a ‘design idea’ of what the city or place ought to look like.
Meeting the sky – building elements to create skylines and identity.Meeting the ground – to give a quality of stability and definition.
Points in space – which interplay to create tension and dynamic spatial harmony.
Recession planes – framing and creating drama, scale and position for the viewer.
Design in depth – creating perspective and a sense of movement within space.
Ascent and descent – levels producing anticipation and pleasure.
Convexity and concavity – the interplay of positive and negative forms to shape volume.
Relationship to people – human-scale design to connect and involve.
MODERN HOUSING
BAUER - Published in 1934, Bauer’s Modern Housing has been widely acknowledged as one of the most important books on housing of the twentieth century, laying out the recent developments in European modernist housing for an American audience. Bauer would become one of the leading “housers” in the United States, lucidly and passionately arguing for the provision of high-quality planned public housing between the 1930s and 1960s.
T.J. Kent
Bay Area Planner. one of the founders of what is now Greenbelt Alliance, a Bay Area non-profit citizens’ regional planning and conservation organization, and helped organized the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) in 1961. He later catalyzed a campaign to establish a limited function regional government in the Bay Area. However his emphasis gradually moved to preservation of greenbelt.
