Air navigation (PPL as of now)

Question 1

What is navigation

Answer 1

Air Navigation is the process of piloting the aircraft from one geographic location to another while monitoring one’s position as the flight progresses.

Question 2

Need of Planning

Answer 2

✓ plotting the course on an aeronautical chart
✓ selecting checkpoints
✓ headings
✓ measuring distances
✓ computing flight time
✓ fuel requirements

Question 3

Method of air navigation

Answer 3

Pilotage

Dead Reckoning (Deduced Reckoning)

Radio navigation — by use of radio aids.

GPS – Navigation by the use of Satellite system

Question 4

Pilotage

Answer 4

navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints on a map. These landmarks may include:

– Roads
– Railway tracks
– Rivers
– Buildings

Question 5

Dead Reckoning or deduced reckoning

Answer 5

navigation by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.

Question 6

Two types of map projections

Answer 6

Lambert projection
Mercator projection

Question 7

Mercator projection

Answer 7

Projects the meridians and parallels onto a cylinder wrapped around earth

Question 8

Lambert Projection

Answer 8

To picture the construction of a conical projection, imagine a cone place over a reduced Earth

Question 9

Aeronautical Charts

Answer 9

provides information which allows pilots to track their position and provides available information which enhances safety.

“Under VFR, Aeronautical Chart is the road map for pilots.”

Question 10

Types of Aeronautical Charts

Answer 10

World aeronautical Chart (WAC)
Sectional Charts
VFR Terminal Area Charts
Aerodrome charts

Question 11

World Aeronautical charts

Answer 11

designed to provide a standard series
of aeronautical charts, covering land
areas of the world, at a size and scale
convenient for navigation by
moderate speed aircraft.

They have a scale of 1:1,000,000 (Inches)
(1 inch = 13.7 nautical miles)

These charts are similar to sectional
charts and the symbols are the same
except there is less detail due to the smaller scale.

Question 12

Sectional Charts

Answer 12

The most common charts used by pilots
today.

• The charts have a scale of 1:500,000 (1 inch = 6.86 nautical miles (NM) which allows for more detailed information to be included on the chart.

The charts provide an abundance of information including
– airport data,
– navigational aids,
– airspace,
– topography.

Question 13

VFR Terminal Area Charts

Answer 13

VFR terminal area charts are helpful when flying in or near Class B airspace.

They have a scale of 1:250,000 (1 inch = 3.43 NM)

These charts provide a more detailed display of topographical information

Question 14

Aerodrome charts

Answer 14

depict communications frequencies as well as runway, taxiway and ramp information. Additionally, approach and runway lighting, declared distances, IFR and obstacle departure procedures, and take-off and alternate minimums are shown.

Question 15

Relief (Topographical Data)

Answer 15

Relief is the representation (as depicted by the mapmaker) of the shapes of hills, valleys, streams, or terrain features on the earth’s surface.

Question 16

Elevation tints (Topographical Data)

Answer 16

colors placed between contour lines to indicate elevation.

Question 17

Contours (Topographical Data)

Answer 17

Terrain Elevation of a point on the earth’s surface is the vertical distance above or below mean sea level.

Question 18

Restricted areas/airspace (Aeronautical Data)

Answer 18

Restricted area/airspace is an airspace where aircrafts are prohibited from entering without advanced permission.

Question 19

Sectional charts legend

Answer 19

Town and city (Black circle, Magenta)

Culture (Lines of dual, primary and secondary road, multiple and single railway, dashed track or trail lines, and power transmission lines)

Vegetation

Vertical obstruction

Question 20

The Equator

Answer 20

an imaginary line which divides the world into two parts.

• The upper part is called the Northern Hemisphere and the lower the southern Hemisphere

Question 21

The Parallels

Answer 21

• LATITUDES are imaginary lines running parallel to the equator and thereby also called as Parallel

Question 22

The Prime Meridian

Answer 22

an imaginary line dividing the earth into two parts

It divides the earth into western and eastern hemisphere

Question 23

The Meridians

Answer 23

The Longitudes are imaginary lines passing from the North pole to the south pole also called as Meridians

Question 24

The coordinate system

Answer 24

a method that enables every location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers.

A common choice of coordinates is latitude and longitude

Question 25

Degrees and minutes

Answer 25

To precisely locate points on the earth's surface, degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes ('). * There are 60 minutes in each degree.

Question 26

Grid Squares

Answer 26

Combining latitude and longitude results in a grid that covers the globe.

Question 27

The Great Circle

Answer 27

a circle drawn on the surface of the earth whose plane passes through the center of the earth. ▪ Great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of the earth. ▪ The arc of the great circle is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface. ▪ Equator, prime meridian and longitudes are all Great circle as their mid-point is the center of the earth.

Question 28

Small Circle

Answer 28

Any circle on the surface of the earth whose plane does not pass through the center of the earth. All latitudes other than the Equator are small circle.

Question 29

Course

Answer 29

Is the planned route the aircraft is flying to.

Question 30

Track

Answer 30

The track or course over ground, is the actual path followed by the aircraft

Question 31

Heading

Answer 31

An aircraft's heading is the direction that the aircraft's nose is pointing.

Question 32

Waypoint/checkpoints:

Answer 32

A waypoint or checkpoint is a reference point or set of coordinates that precisely identify a location.

Question 33

Drift angle

Answer 33

The angle between the heading and track

Question 34

Wind correction angle

Answer 34

The angle which the aircraft has to fly to compensate for the drift and be on course.

Question 35

The Airspeed

Answer 35

The speed of the aircraft in the air

Question 36

Groundspeed

Answer 36

The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground

Question 37

Headwind

Answer 37

The wind that is blowing from the front of an aircraft or A wind blowing directly against the course of an aircraft. A good headwind reduces the distance required for takeoff and landing However, it – Increases the Flight time – Increases Fuel consumption – Decrease in Groundspeed – Decrease in Range

Question 38

Tailwind

Answer 38

A wind blowing in the same direction as that of the course of an aircraft. A tailwind is not favorable for takeoffs and landings However, it – Increases Groundspeed – Increases Range – Decrease in Fuel – Decrease in Flying time

Question 39

Variation

Answer 39

The difference between true and magnetic directions is called variation