Airway Mgmnt and Ventilation Chap 15 (Rio)

Question 1

Name primary functions of the Upper Airway

Answer 1

Warm, Filter, and Humidify Inspired air (p712)

Question 2

Name primary functions of the Lower Airway

Answer 2

Exchange Oxygen and CO2 (p715)

Question 3

Name the point of division between the upper and lower airways.

Answer 3

Larynx (p. 712) Glottis (lecture)

Question 4

Name the 3 portions of the pharynx

Answer 4

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx (p713)

Question 5

Another term used to describe the Laryngopharynx?

Answer 5

Hypopharynx (p713)

Question 6

The most common cause of anatomic upper airway obstruction?

Answer 6

The tongue (p714)

Question 7

The Lower Airway extends between what internal anatomical landmarks?

Answer 7

The glottis to the pulmonary capillary membrane (p715)

Question 8

The first ring of the trachea and the only one to form a complete ring.

Answer 8

The cricoid cartilage (p715)

Question 9

Name the anatomic space located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis.

Answer 9

the vallecula (p716)

Question 10

The trachea and mainstem bronchi are lined with what 3 things?

Answer 10

• Goblet cells (mucous-producing)
• cilia
• beta2 adrenergic receptors (p716)

Question 11

What part of the lung is the functional site for the exchange of oxygen and CO2?

Answer 11

The alveoli. (p716)

Question 12

A phospholipid compound that decreases surface tension on the alveolar walls and keeps them expanded?

Answer 12

surfactant (p716)

Question 13

Term used to describe the collapse of the alveoli.

Answer 13

atelectasis (p716)

Question 14

What is ventilation?

Answer 14

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs (p717)

Question 15

Name the two phases of ventilation.

Answer 15

• inhalation(inspiration)

- exhalation(expiration) (p717)

Question 16

Term used to describe the active, muscular part of breathing.

Answer 16

Inhalation (p717)

Question 17

What is oxygenation?

Answer 17

The process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream (p717)

Question 18

What is respiration?

Answer 18

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and the tissues of the body. (p717)

Question 19

During inhalation, the thoracic cage expands, decreasing air pressure in the thorax, which pulls air through the trachea, causing the lungs to fill. This process is___?

Answer 19

negative-pressure ventilation (p718)

Question 20

With ineffective or no chest movement, negative intrathoracic pressure cannot be created and the only way to move air into the lungs is with____?

Answer 20

positive-pressure ventilation (p719)

Question 21

Oxygen transfer from air into the capillaries in the alveoli occurs because of what process?

Answer 21

diffusion (p719)

Question 22

Volume of inhaled air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange; equal to tidal volume minus dead space volume; approx 350 mL in average adult; also called alveolar ventilation (p719)

Answer 22

Alveolar volume

Question 23

A law of gas that states the amount of gas in a solution varies directly with the partial pressure of a gas over the solution. (E.g. As pressure of a gas over a liquid decreases, the amount of gas dissolved in the liquid will also decrease.)

Answer 23

Henry’s Law (p719)

Question 24

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; principal by-product is lactic acid.

Answer 24

Anaerobic metabolism (p724)

Question 25

Prolonged gasping inspirations followed by extremely short, ineffective expirations; associated with brainstorm insult.

Answer 25

Apneustic respirations (p731)

Question 26

The posterior border of the oral cavity

Answer 26

Palatoglossal arch (p714)

Question 27

The amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli per minute and participates in gas exchange.

Answer 27

Alveolar minute volume (VA)

Question 28

An absence of oxygen

Answer 28

Anoxia

Question 29

Inability to speak

Answer 29

Aphonia

Question 30

A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate; also called metabolism.

Answer 30

``` Cellular respiration (p307 and p724) (Not a great question but from the book flash cards.) ```

Question 31

One side of the chest moves less than the other; indicating that airflow into one lung is decreased.

Answer 31

Asymmetric chest wall movement (p729)

Question 32

States that the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Answer 32

Boyle's Law

Question 33

Trauma resulting from excessive pressure

Answer 33

Barotrauma

Question 34

Irregular pattern, rate, and depth of respirations with intermittent periods of apnea, result from increased intracranial pressure.

Answer 34

Biot (ataxic) respirations (p731)

Question 35

Pyramid-like cartilaginous structures that form the posterior attachment t of the vocal cords.

Answer 35

Arytenoid cartilages (p716)

Question 36

Sense organs that monitor the levels of oxygen and CO2, the pH of the CSF and blood, and provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing.

Answer 36

Chemoreceptors (p721)

Question 37

Three sets of chemoreceptors that affect respiratory function:

Answer 37

1. Carotid bodies 2. in the aortic arch 3. Central chemoreceptors (in medulla)

Question 38

A condition in which an increased amount of air enters the alveoli; CO2 elimination exceeds CO2 production.

Answer 38

Hyperventilation

Question 39

A ridge-like projection of the tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcated into the right and left mainstem bronchi

Answer 39

Carina

Question 40

The main supporting cartilage of the larynx; a shield shaped structure formed by two plates that join in a V-shape anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence known as the Adam's apple.

Answer 40

Thyroid cartilage

Question 41

Common name is Adam's apple.

Answer 41

Laryngeal prominence

Question 42

Hemoglobin loaded with carbon monoxide (CO)

Answer 42

Carboxyhemoglobin

Question 43

Anatomical space, or pocket, located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis; important landmark for endotracheal intubation

Answer 43

Vallecula

Question 44

A gradually increasing rate and depth of respirations followed by a gradual decrease with intermittent periods of apnea; associated with brainstem insult.

Answer 44

Cheney-Stokes respirations

Question 45

A condition in which a decreased amount of air enters the alveoli; Co2 production then exceeds the body's ability to eliminate it by ventilation.

Answer 45

Hypoventilation (p727)

Question 46

A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is located.

Answer 46

My momma says...dorsal respiratory group.

Question 47

The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a full inhalation; in a healthy man; about 4800 mL.

Answer 47

Vital capacity (p720)

Question 48

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration.

Answer 48

External respiration.(p723)

Question 49

The percentage of oxygen in inhaled air

Answer 49

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) | Room air- FIO2 of 0.21 (NRB- FIO2 of 0.90)

Question 50

The nasal cavity, formed by the union of the facial bones.

Answer 50

Nasopharynx (p713)

Question 51

The entrance from the oral cavity into the throat (pharynx).

Answer 51

Palatopharyngral arch (p713)

Question 52

An automatic reaction when something touches an area drop in the oral cavity that helps protect the lower airway from aspiration.

Answer 52

Gag reflex

Question 53

Condition in which blood entering the lungs from the right side of the heart bypasses the alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an in unoxygenated state.

Answer 53

Intrapulmonary shunting (p727) Usually caused by decrease in alveolar surface area (damage or fluid) creating a VQ mismatch

Question 54

The ligament between the tongue and the epiglottis.

Answer 54

Glossoepiglottic ligament

Question 55

The amount of air that can be forced from the lungs in a single exhalation.

Answer 55

Functional reserve capacity

Question 56

Because of their proximity to and direct communication with the nasal passage, the frontal and maxillary sinuses are referred to as:

Answer 56

The paranasal sinuses (p713)

Question 57

The amount if air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation. Average about 1200 mL.

Answer 57

Expiratory reserve volume (p720)

Question 58

Paired lymphatic tissues that lie on the lateral walls of the palatoglossal arch and anterior to the paltopharyngeal arch.

Answer 58

Palatine tonsils

Question 59

Secondary control of breathing base on decreased PaO2 levels.

Answer 59

Hypoxic drive

Question 60

Slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasping breaths; resulting from cerebral anoxia.

Answer 60

Agonal gasps.

Question 61

Increased CO2 content in arterial blood

Answer 61

Hypercarbia

Question 62

Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from the nose

Answer 62

Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea

Question 63

The point of entry of blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi into each lung.

Answer 63

The hilum (p716)

Question 64

A decrease in arterial oxygen level

Answer 64

Hypoxemia

Question 65

The amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.

Answer 65

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 66

Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past non-functioning alveoli

Answer 66

Intrapulmonary shunting

Question 67

The ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn into the lungs during negative-pressure ventilation or pushed into the lungs during positive-pressure ventilation.

Answer 67

Lung compliance (p749)

Question 68

The chemical processes that provide the cells with energy from nutrients

Answer 68

Metabolism (p723) | for cells 3 types of reactions: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron chain transport)(p307

Question 69

A compound formed by oxidation of the iron on hemoglobin

Answer 69

Methemoglobin (MetHb) (p734)

Question 70

Two types of hemoglobin normally found in blood

Answer 70

1. Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) | 2. Reduced hemoglobin (p734)

Question 71

The amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory tract per minute.

Answer 71

Minute volume (VM)

Question 72

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

Answer 72

Residual volume. (p720)

Question 73

An imbalance in the amount of oxygen received in the alveoli and the amount of blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries.

Answer 73

V/Q mismatch

Question 74

An oxygen flow meter that is commonly used because it's not affected by gravity and can be placed in any position

Answer 74

Bourdon-gauge flowmeter. (p752)

Question 75

Deep, gasping respirations; common is ketoacidosis.

Answer 75

Kussmaul respirations

Question 76

Decreased carbon dioxide content in arterial blood.

Answer 76

Hypocarbia

Question 77

Forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue.

Answer 77

Oropharynx (p714)

Question 78

Positional dyspnea

Answer 78

Orthopnea

Question 79

The process of adding oxygen, such as for the delivery to the cells.

Answer 79

Oxygenation (p722) This is a vague question that was in the jblearning flash cards. But I included it anyway.

Question 80

Hemoglobin that is occupied by oxygen.

Answer 80

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) (p734)

Question 81

The structure that forms the roof of the mouth and separates the oropharynx and Nasopharynx.

Answer 81

Palate

Question 82

Mucous-producing cells found mainly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts.

Answer 82

Goblet cells

Question 83

Mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs

Answer 83

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Question 84

Additional dead space created by Intrapulmonary obstructions or atelectasis.

Answer 84

Physiologic dead spaces

Question 85

The amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood; measured in mm of mercury (mm Hg) or torr.

Answer 85

Partial pressure.