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2.6 BRS Cardiovascular & Respiratory > Airways > Flashcards

Airways Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of air in the airways?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Primary bronchi
  3. Secondary bronchi
  4. Tertiary bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Alveoli
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2
Q

What is dichotomous branching?

A

One tube branches into 2
- trachea —> 2 primary
bronchi
- primary bronchus —> 2
secondary bronchi

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3
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system are cartilaginous?

A

Cartilaginous:
- Trachea —> C-shaped rings (keeps oesophagus
unimpeded)
- Bronchi

Non-cartilaginous:
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli

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4
Q

Which 4 cell types make up an alveolus?

A
  1. Type I
  2. Type II
  3. Macrophage —> immunity
  4. Stromal —> produce matrix (fibroblasts)
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5
Q

What is the function of type I alveolar cells?

A

Allow for gas exchange
- thin, delicate barrier
- make up 95% of lining (even though there are less in
number)

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6
Q

What are the 3 functions of type II alveolar cells?

A
  1. Replicate —> replace type I
  2. Secrete surfactant and anti-proteases
  3. Xenobiotic metabolism
    - make up 5% of lining (even though there are more in
    number)
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7
Q

Which 3 processes facilitate gas exchange in the airways?

A
  1. Mechanical stability —> cartilage
  2. Control of calibre —> smooth muscle
  3. Protection and cleansing
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8
Q

What are the 3 adaptations of the nasal passage?

A
  1. Nasal conchae - highly vascular
    —> warm and humidify air
  2. Hairs —> filter large particle
  3. Pharynx —> connection to mouth
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9
Q

What is the structural organisation of airways? (7)

A
  1. Cartilage —> outermost
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Ciliated cells
  5. Goblet cells
  6. Submucosal glands
  7. Mucus
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10
Q

How are airways kept clean?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucin granules —> particles stick to mucus layer —> wafted out by cilia

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11
Q

What are the 7 cell types of airways?

A
  1. Lining cells
  2. Contractile cells
  3. Secretory cells
  4. Connective tissue
  5. Neuroendocrine
  6. Vascular cells
  7. Immune cells
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12
Q

What do submucosal glands secrete?

A
  1. Mucous acini —> mucus
  2. Serous acini —> anti-bacterial enzymes
  3. Water
  4. Salt
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13
Q

What is the structure of cilia?

A
  1. Anchoring intracellular proteins —> connect to
    epithelial cells
  2. Axoneme —> microtubule
  3. Apical hooks —> hook to mucus
    - 9 cilia around 2 goblet cells
    - 200 cilia per cell
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14
Q

What are the 4 functions of airway epithelium?

A
  1. Secrete mucus components (mucins, water,
    electrolytes)
  2. Mucociliary clearance
  3. Physical barrier
  4. Regulatory and inflammatory mediator production
    • NO, CO, arachidonic acid metabolites,
      chemokines, cytokines, proteases
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15
Q

What are the 3 functions of airway smooth muscle?

A
  1. Structure
  2. Tone —> contract/relax
  3. Secretion —> mediators, cytokines, chemokines
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16
Q

How does tracheo-bronchial circulation work?

A

In:
- Bronchial arteries branch from aorta, intercostal arteries etc.
- 100-150 ml/min/100g tissue (v high)
- only 5-10% cardiac output

Around:
- Subepithelium microvasculature

Out:
- Trachea —> systemic veins
- Bronchi —> bronchial veins
—> pulmonary veins

17
Q

What are the 7 functions of tracheo-bronchial circulation?

A
  1. Direct gas exchange
  2. Warms and humidifies inspired air
  3. Clears inflammatory mediators and inhaled drugs
  4. Inflammatory cell supply
  5. Plasma exudation
18
Q

What are airway functions controlled by? (4)

A
  1. Nerves
    • parasympathetic
    • sympathetic
    • sensory
  2. Regulatory and inflammatory mediators
    • histamine
    • arachidonic acid metabolites
      (prostaglandins/leukotrienes)
    • cytokines
    • chemokines
  3. Proteases
  4. Reactive gas species
19
Q

What is the pathway of airway innervation?

A

Sensory neurones:
- to spinal cord —> dorsal root ganglion c
—> cervical thoracic ganglion eg. NO r
- to brain stem —> nodose ganglion c

Parasympathetic neurones:
- to smooth muscle —> parasympathetic (ACh) c

Hormonal:
- to smooth muscle —> adrenaline c

20
Q

Which regulatory-inflammatory cells are in airways?

A
  1. Eosinophils
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Macrophages
  4. Mast cells
  5. T lymphocytes
  6. Structural cells
21
Q

What are 3 common respiratory diseases?

A
  1. Asthma —> 5% population
  2. COPD —> 4th cause of death
  3. CF
    - obstructive —> inflammation

2.6 BRS Cardiovascular & Respiratory (15 decks)

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