AKA's Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
Sequence effects
A
Alteration effects
carry-over effects
Disadvantage of ABAB Design
2
Q
treatment
A
independent variable
intervention
x-axis
3
Q
confounding variables
A
Uncontrollable events
Dependent variable
i.e., med change, adopted sibling, divorce, etc.
4
Q
Extraneous variables
A
E=E
Environmental (physical environment)
i.e., weather, temperature, sound
5
Q
ratio chart
A
semi-logarithmic
standard celeration chart
rate (increasing/decreasing)
precision teaching
multiply-divide chart
Used for fluency
6
Q
validity
A
Valid measurement– Are you measuring it correctly?
irrelevance– Is it accurately measuring the BX?
i.e., turkey thermometer to measure a child’s fever
7
Q
accuracy
A
observed value
true value
measurement bias
i.e., scale at home vs. scale at the doctors office.
8
Q
reliability
A
repeated
yields the same results
replication (6 attitudes of science)
Internal Validity
9
Q
Interval-by-interval IOA
A
Trial-by-Trial
Point-by-point IOA
point-by-point agreement
10
Q
Total count IOA
A
Least Stringent
Least strict
Least conservative
11
Q
Exact Count IOA
A
Most Stringent
Most Strict
Most conservative
12
Q
Mean-count-per interval
A
average
13
Q
Causation
A
Control
Functional Relation
Experimentation
Analytical
14
Q
Correlation
A
Prediction
Covariation
15
Q
Frequency Polygon
A
line graph
Equal interavl
16
Q
Type 2 error
A
False -
“oh, yes It did!”
Visual Analysis
17
Q
Statistical error
A
Type 1 error
False +
18
Q
Visual analysis error
A
Type 2 error
False -
19
Q
Type 1 error
A
False +
“oh, no it didn’t!”
20
Q
Pattern Analysis
A
Scatterplot (shows temporal distribution)
21
Q
ordinate
A
Y- axis
vertical
VOY
22
Q
absicca
A
X- axis
IV
Horizontal
23
Q
x-axis
A
Independent variable
Horizontal
24
Q
y-axis
A
Dependent Variable
Vertical
25
Parametric Analysis
Quantity
Dosage
Value
Number
i.e., 10 min. DRO, 5 mg's VS. 10 mg's
26
Level
data path on the y-axis
calculated by a mean (average) go all data points
always a flat line
27
Trend
Direction of the data path
DAVS- Descending, Ascending, Variable, Stable (no trend)
```
Steep= (>45 degrees) -quickly
Moderate = (~15-45 degrees) - just ascending
Flat = (0-~15) - stable
```
28
Variability
How spread out the data points are
Range
High spread = high variability
Low spread= low variability
Less variability = more stability
more stability = less variability
29
Empiricism
Facts
Detailed descriptions
Observations (objective, quantified)
Experimental practice
Carefully defined phenomenon (i.e., science fair project)
30
DRA
Functionally Equivalent
FCT (antecedent based)
DRC (consequence based)
Antecedent strategy
DNRA- negative reinforcement (escape)
31
Unconditioned Punishers
Unlearned punishers
Untrained punishers
Pairing
i.e., loud noise, physical restraint, pain
32
Determinism
Lawful, orderly, predictable
Cause + Effect- everything happens for a reason!
Consistent results over numerous experiments
ALL phenomenon occurs as a result of other events.
33
Replication
Repeat
Ratio
accuracy
baseline logic
34
Philosophical Doubt
Healthy Skepticism
BSdetector
35
Experimentation
Labs
Functional Analysis
Analytic
Functional relation
Experimental Control
Experimental Analysis
36
Parsimony
Simplest explanation/theory
Keep it simple
Based on prior knowledge and law
37
Codic
Copy (in any form)
Verbal Operant
Transcription
Textual
Has Point to point correspondence
No formal similarity
38
Rule governed BX
rule control
rule governance
The rule about rules
You don't have to come in contact w/ the contingency
39
Contingency Shaped BX
immediate consequences
contingency control
40
Dependent Group Contingency
Hero Procedure
"the pressure is on me!"
R+ dependent on an individual or small group
41
Habituation
Respondent
Reflex weakens
elicit
shorter
Desensitize
Unconditioned Stimulus
i.e., If someone blows in your eye, you blink. Overtime when they blow into your eye, you blink less.
42
Habilitation
Operant BX
adjustment
short & long term reinforcement MAXIMIZED
short & long term punishment MINIMIZED
behavioral cusp/pivotal bx's
```
Questions to ask yourself:
is this age appropriate?
Is this important for them?
Will this generalize?
Will this be functional?
```
43
Scored IOA
SLOWWW
Low rates
44
Unscored IOA
High rate behaviors
over 70%
45
Internal validity
Intervention
Independent variable
M-I-S-S
```
Measurement confounds (observer drift, reactivity)
Independent variable confounds
Subject confounds (maturation)
Setting confounds (bootleg R+)
```
46
Changing criterion design
stepwise fashion
must be in repertoire
type of experimental design
1 bx at a time
used for punishment & reinforcement
LMN- length of phases, magnitude of criterion change, number of criterion.
47
Multiple probe design
Generalization and maintenance
48
Reversal Treatment Design
Multiple Treatment Design
A-B-A-B
A-B-A-B-C-B-C
A-B-C-B-C-B-C
Shows highest functional control
49
Definitional measures
topography
magnitude
50
magnitude
force, intensity, severity
51
topography
form & shape (what the BX looks like)
52
baseline logic
PVR
Prediction
Verification
Replication
53
Response induction
response generalization
54
experimental analysis
Functional Assessment
Iwata
Analog Assessment
55
anecdotal observation
A-B-C recording
56
Assessment
FBA
indirect
direct
57
generative learning
derived relations
generalization
generality
58
False Negative
( - ) + ( - ) = +
accurate
59
Alternative Compound schedule
Either/OR!
60
S-R-S
Ontogenic
Antecedent- bx- consequence
consequence that affects the future bx
61
Non-exclusionary time out
IWOR
Planned ignoring
withdrawal from specific reinforcement
Contingent observation
Ribbon
Ribbon on = R+ available
62
Successive approximations
Shaping
Differential R+
Across and within
63
Echoic
Verbal operant
verbal imitation
Point to point correspondence
formal similarity
64
Derivative measures
PT
Percent of occurence
Trials to criterion
65
What is labeled on the horizontal axis?
Unit of time- sessions, time, dates
66
what is labeled on the vertical axis?
responses, measurement, bx's, range of responses.
67
Data labels
titles
intervention
behaviors
different subjects
68
Phase levels
conditions
focus
treatments
baseline
69
Motivation
In the moment
Satiation
Deprivation
Antecedent
EO & AO
70
Motivating Operation
Change in value (in the moment)
71
Establishing Operation
EO
MO
Value altering -- more valuable
Behavior Altering-- evocative
Evokes
72
Abolishing Operation
AO
MO
value altering-- less valuable
behavior altering-- abative effect
abolishing effect
73
Fixed ratio
high steady rates of responding
post R+ pause
74
Variable ratio
High steady rates of responding
w/o post R+ pause
75
pragmatism
observable & practical consequences
AB because of C
A- setting
B- BX
C- because of the consequence
asks "how?"
76
applied
socially significant
77
bx momentum
high-p
2-5 high p requests
social praise with each completed request
Interspersed requests
78
Conceptually systematic
basic principles - PUNISHMENT, EXTINCTION, REINFORCEMENT
79
permanent product
outcome recording
80
single preference assessment
successive
81
IRT measurement
DRL
Decrease
Temporal Locus
82
Free operant preference assessment
Contrived
natural
record how long child engages with each item
83
temporal locus
dimensional measurement
IRT
Latency
point in time
84
Time sampling
discontinuous measurement
continuous bx
high rate bx's
Whole and partial interval
momentary time sampling
85
whole interval recording
WIR-
record if the bx occurs during entire interval
used to increase bx's
underestimates the percentage of the observation
86
partial interval recording
PIR- 1 recording per interval
used to decrease behaviors
underestimates rate
overestimates duration
87
momentary time sampling
record behavior after the interval ends
did the bx occur? -- Y/N
88
primary reinforcers
untrained R+'s
```
water
food
sex
warmth
oxygen
pain
activity
```
89
Loose degree of stimulus control
stimulus generalization
multiple stimuli- 1 response
i.e.,
S1: horse
S2: pig
S3: bull
Response = animals
90
tight/narrow stimulus control
Strict stimulus control
Stimulus discrimination
i.e., different stimuli do not evoke the same response
light turns green= drive
light turns red= stop driving
91
overshadowing
interferes
distraction
bx not in repertoire
92
General case strategy
general case analysis
Teaching various stimuli in the generalization setting
teach diff stimulus & response variations
i.e., diff vending machines, diff sinks, diff cell phones, diff make up brushes.
93
respondent extinction
unpairing procedure
stimulus-stimulus unpairing
94
bar graphs
histograms
used for comparisons
95
adaptation
operant bx
evoke
longer
getting used to a condition & it's consequences
i.e., moving to NY & not sleeping at night due to street noise. Overtime, you adapt & begin sleeping overnight.
96
Component Analysis
identifying which treatment is working
remove one component at a time
97
SD
Controlled relation
signs reinforcement
availability
precedes a response
98
rate
count/time
"PER"
free operant recording
Proficiency/fluency
continuous measurement
discontinuos BX
99
3 Antecedent strategies
FCT
High probability request sequence
Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR)
* MO*
pg. 232 PTBABA MANUEL
100
repeatability
C-R-C
Count
Rate
Celebration
Frequency
Countability
101
Skinner
Operant BX
S-R-S
learned BX
ontogenic
102
ontogenic
Learned BX
emit/evoke
consequences
EO
103
Pavlov
Respondent BX
Unconditioned
neutral stimulus
stimulus, stimulus pairing
involuntary
phylogeny
reflexive
104
phylogeny
Unlearned
reflexive
105
Response prompts
M-V-P
Modeling
Verbal Prompts
Physical prompts
106
stimulus prompts
M-P-P
movement
positional
pairing (redundancy)
107
limited hold
window of opportunity
within a certain time
108
John Watson
Methodological behaviorism
Watsonian
S-R (stimulus-response)
observed events
109
self-evaluation
self-assessment (analytics/experimentaion)
110
Incidental teaching
In-situ teaching
Non-intensive teaching
Natural Environment Training
Hart & Risley
Language training (verbal bx- uses MO's)
Indiscriminable contingencies
Train loosely (mix Sd's, multiple exemplars)
111
Shaping
across (topographical) &
within (measurement) topographies
112
Requirements for a new BCBA
1 year until you can supervise
4 ethics CEU's
32 total for a 2 year period
113
Social Positive reinforcer
GCSR's
114
Social Negative reinforcer
losing something
115
Stimulus equivalence
RST
Arbitrary stimuli
Reflexive
symmetry
transitivity
116
generalization across subjects
ripple effect
spill over effect
vicarious effect
117
IOA
believability
80% or higher
118
Mand
MO
no-point-to-point correspondence
119
Variable ratio
intermittent R+
most resistent to extinction
120
grandma's law
premark principle
low-p
first-then
121
Hypothetical constructs
imaginary constructs
free-will
memory
unobserved
122
explanatory fictions
inner dimension
"he knows, wants"
"he's intelligent"
"figures it out"
123
free operant arrangement
matching to sample trials
124
Behavioral cusp
taught
new bx
new contingencies
"a whole new world!"
i.e., driving, reading)
125
pivotal behaviors
untrained bx's
things we're all born with
i.e., eye contact, laughter, etc.
126
Automatic Reinforcement
alone
sensory
stereotopty
self-stem
sensory extinction
127
concept
concept formation
concept acquisition
128
behaviorism
conceptual analysis of bx
129
contiguity
temporal contiguity
nearness of events in time
two stimuli are experienced close together in time & as a result an association may be formed
130
Darwinism selectionism
3-term-contingency
selection by consequences
131
operant behavior
operant conditioning
EVOKE/EMIT
ontogenic
3-term-contingency (ABC)
learned- history of CONSEQEUNCES
voluntary
adaptation
S-R-S (stimulus-response-stimulus)
BF Skinner
132
Respondent BX
classical conditioning
Reflexive/Elicit
Phylogeny
Respondent conditioning (CS-CR)
unlearned/involuntary
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned (US-UR)
S-S (stimulus-stimulus pairing)
Habituation
133
respondent conditioning
reflexive
classical conditioning
CS-CR
Pavlovian conditioning
S-S-pairing
134
SΔ
S-delta
reinforcement not available
135
stimulus discrimination
SD
tight and narrow stimulus control
136
RALD
Rate
amplitude
latency
duration
137
measurement bias
overestimate or underestimate
threat to internal validity
threat to accuracy
138
4-term-contingency
MO
A-B-C
MO-SD-R
Modeling & imitating
139
delayed prompting
time delay
delayed cuing
progressive delay
140
extinction
operant extinction
141
negative punishment
type 2 punishment
penalty principle
penalty contingency
142
positive punishment
type 1 punishment
143
Fading
stimulus fading
144
Stimulus shape transformations
shaping
145
total task chaining
whole-task method
concurrent chaining
total task presentation
146
breaking behavior
unlinking a chain
unchaining
147
echoic
duplic
verbal imitation
point to point correspondence
formal similarity
GCSR
verbal SD- vocal R
148
DRO
zero responding
Length of time (interval & momentary)
omission training
Time based procedures
reinforcement delivered at the end of the interval
149
experimental control
functional relation
analysis
control
150
Single subject designs
intra-subject designs
within-subject designs
single-case designs
time series
151
analytical
functional relation
experimentation
control
152
Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)
FA
analog assessment
Visual analysis (type 2) of graph preferred over statistical analysis (type 1)
conducted in labs (repeated measurement, IV/DV)
Skinner
Within-subject design
Rate of response (common DV)
153
observer drift
not recording what they intended to
154
treatment drift
IV is applied differently than intended
155
believability
HIGH AGREEMENT IOA
Accurate
obtained by reliable measures
156
pre-task choice
asking a client about stimulus preference
157
stimulus equivalence formula
A=A -reflexive
A=B & B=A -symmetry
B=C & A=C -transitivity
158
Contingency Dependent Antecedent Intervention
Antecedent Control
Antecedent procedures
antecedent manipulations
SD***
159
Self-management
self control
Self-management tactics:
Self-instruction
habit reversal
systematic desensitization
Massed practice
160
attention
contingent attention
161
DRI
subtype of DRA
"rather than"
Incompatible bx
162
pro-social behavior
```
sharing
cooperating
helping
comforting
caring
```
definition: social competence across a life span (the qualities that make you a good friend)
163
DRH
differential reinforcement of high rate behavior
IRT measurement
decreasing IRT between bx's
164
DRD
differential reinforcement of diminishing rates
using a progressively decreasing criteria
rate measurement
165
DRL
IRT measurement
increasing IRT between bx's
166
Which derivative measure is used to display time sampling (interval) data?
% of successful intervals/ total intervals
% of occurrences
167
Social validity
social significance of target bx
appropriateness of procedure
social importance of results
168
external validity
environmental (generalization to other subjects, settings, or behaviors).
169
Faulty Stimulus control
control over an irrelevant antecedent stimulus
170
Methodological Behaviorism
John Watson
Observable behaviors only
171
contingency adduction
rapid learning
definition: BX that was initially selected & shaped under 1 set of conditions, is recruited by a diff. set of contingencies & takes on a new function in the persons repertoire.
i. e., addition, subtraction, multiplication
172
selectionism
life evolves, based on function.
survival of the fittest
selection by consequences in regards to function
173
Phylogenic
Respondent BX
Pavlov
genetic history
unlearned
involuntary
174
Ontogenic
Operant BX
Skinner
Learning results from interaction with environment
175
Operant BX
EMIT
EVOKE
Voluntary action
History of consequences
adaptation
function matters
176
Respondent BX
ELICITED
REFLEX
Involuntary action
BX is inherited genetically
habituation
US-UR
phylogeny
177
Mentalism
Mental or Inner dimension
antecedent analysis
i.e., spiritual, neural, subjective, feelings, attitudes, psychic, conceptual, hypothetical.
178
Radical behaviorism
Skinner
Operant BX
S-R-S (stimulus-response-stimulus)
Private event is no diff than public event
environmental considerations
179
Methodological Behaviorism
Watson
S-O-R (stimulus, organism variable, response)
observable events ONLY.
mediated through internal processes
180
conceptual analysis of bx
examines philosophical, theoretical, historical and methodological issues
181
applied behavior analysis
accessing, monitoring, analyzing, communicating the effects of programming.
```
Characteristics of ABA:
accountable
public
doable
empowering
optimistic
```
increase, teach and maintain BX
applied systemically to improve socially significant bx.
evidence based method of examining & changing what people say/do.
182
Professional Practice (BX service delivery)
professionals delivering behaviors analytic services to consumers
(education, sports, psych, health, etc.)
183
feelings
explanatory fictions
collateral products
do not cause bx
184
Expectancy
Bias
preconceived notions
185
Free Operant Arrangement
Unlimited Responses and reinforcement opportunities
GCSR for some responses
186
Measurement Artifact
Misleading Data
Caused by the way bx was measured
Caused by:
time sampling measurement
poorly scheduled observations
insensitive or limiting measurement scales
Cooper pg. 95
187
EO
deprivation
188
AO
Satiation
189
CMO-T (Transitive)
Problem solving tool
190
CMO-R (Reflexive)
Warning
Signal
Worse or better
191
CMO-S (Surrogate)
Pair
Pairing
Paired
192
Personalized system of instruction
PSI
Fred Keller
Self-paced
Mastery 90%
Proctors
Lectures
Voluntary
193
Direct Instruction
DI
Engelmann
Scripts (TA- curriculum)
small groups (tested & grouped by level)
fast paced (engagement, efficiency)
Choral responding (signal - unison)
correction & error prevention
194
Precision Teaching
PT
Ogden Lindsey
Fluency/frequency
Rate
SCC -standard celeration chart
"learner knows best"
195
Arbitrary Stimulus Class
Symbolic- Symmetry
Limited # of stimuli
Diff features/stimuli, same category
(cat, bird, dog, cow= animal)
196
adjunctive behaviors
time-filling behaviors
Avoid things you don't like in the meantime (escape lecture)
i.e., checking Facebook, smoking a cigarette, doodling.
197
Setting events
Conditions surrounding a bx. It can occur in the presence of an antecedent.
(SD's or MO's)
i.e., Not taking medication, Side effects to a new medication, Not getting an adequate amount of sleep, etc.
198
CHECKPOINT:
YOU'RE ROCKING IT !
199
Programming common stimuli
Bringing real life SD's into the training environment
200
Relevance of BX rule
Will this produce reinforcement in the natural environment once treatment ends?
Will it work?
Is it worth it?
201
Discrete Trial Training
DTT
Lovaas
single instruction
antecedent (prompt) -> response-> consequence-> Inter-response trial (time between the consequence & the next antecedent.
202
observable- operational definition
observable
measurable characteristics
203
complete- operational definition
inclusion/exclusion
examples + non-examples
the boundaries
what counts as a response and what does not
204
clear- operational definition
unambiguous
clearly written
easily readable
205
Non-contingent Reinforcement
Antecedent strategy
Fixed time
Doesn't apply to attention seeking behaviors only.
i.e., waiter coming to refill your water before you could even ask.
206
behavioral economics
influence behaviors
ratios
i.e., candy will require more points than chips
207
shaping across behaviors
topography
form
shape
208
shaping within behaviors
dimension
speed
magnitude
volume
209
stimulus-stimulus relations
relationship between members of any stimulus class
i.e., conditional stimulus control
210
derived/emergent relations
stimuli w/ same effect on behavior
w/o direct training
doesn't depend on physical similarities
211
equivalence class
trained
all potential relations
derived relations
212
Generality: 7 dimensions
Lasting over time
spreading to other environments
other behaviors
other people
213
Effective: 7 dimensions
change
practical magnitude
214
Technological: 7 dimensions
described well
written
to be replicated
IDIOT PROOF
215
Applied: 7 dimensions
Socially significant
Important for the client
216
Conceptually systematic: 7 dimensions
Expressed in ABA terms
Principles
The Basics
Punishment
Extinction
Reinforcement
217
Analytic: 7 dimensions
stimulus control
experimental control
Functional Relation
218
Behavioral: 7 dimensions
observable
measurable
behavior of concern
219
Higher Order Conditioning
Secondary Conditioning
220
Self-Instructions
Self-generated verbal prompts
221
SP
punishment
222
antecedent manipulation
antecedent control procedures
223
behavioral chain
stimulus-response chain
224
schedule-induced behavior
adjunctive
