Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Kidney (AKI) > AKI > Flashcards

AKI Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the Cockcroft gault equation

A

In the bnf page 22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Limitations of the Cockcroft gault equation

A

Inaccurate in oedema and extreme body weight
Not expressed using standardised reference values
Not validated in paediatric populations
Over estimation of GFR in severe Renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Limitations of mdrd

A

Only validated for Africans and Caucasians
Not validated in pregnancy
Inaccurate in extreme body weight
Less accurate where eGFR value more than 60ml per min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the risk factors of AKI

A

previous aki
Age more than 65
CHF
Liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are pre renal causes of AKI

A

Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
AHF
MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the intrinsic causes of AKI

A

Tubular damage
Glomerular damage
Interstitial damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are post renal causes of AKI

A

Bladder stones
Blocked urinary catheter
Prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the consequences of AKI

A

Loss of plasma proteins
Inability to excrete hydrogen
Inability to secrete potassium
Accumulation of waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the management of AKI

A

Determine the cause (ie. Post renal pre renal etc).
Monitoring of HR, urine output etc
Correction of hyperkaelemia
Nutritional support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What to do when a patient has hyperkaelaemia and AKI

A

Stop all medication causing hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the mdrd and CG different?

A

Mdrd assumes everyone has a body surface of 1.73m2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How to treat hyperkaelaemia

A

Ion exchange resins
Calcium gluconate- prevents cardiac arrest
Insulin - moves potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can’t nitrofurantoin be given in Aki and egfr of less than 45

A

Because it targets uti which is after the kidney so won’t get past or work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is acute kidney injury?

A

A reversible decrease in glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the main causes of AKI

A

Pre renal: Before kidneys
Intrarenal: within kidneys
Post renal: after kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of pre renal AKI

A
  1. Sudden or severe drop in BP (hypotension)
  2. Flow obstruction in kidneys (atherosclerosis or renal artery stenosis)
    3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the causes of intrarenal AKI?

A

-direct damage to kidneys
-inflammation
- infection
- drugs
- autoimmune disease
- acute tubular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the causes of post renal AKI?

A
  • obstruction of urine flow
    -kidney stones
    -bladder injury
    -benign prostatic hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common cause of AKI

A

Intrarenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does GFR stand for

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate
- the rate at which the glomerulus filters the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of the afferent arteriole?

Study These Flashcards
A

Carries blood from the renal artery and this blood will be filtered in the glomerulus in the bowman’s capsule

22
Q

What is the role of the efferent arteriole?

Study These Flashcards
A

1.Remaining blood will exit out of the efferent arteriole.
2. The efferent arteriole is situated around the nephron as the vasa recta
3. The vasa recta role is to reabsorb things from the filtrate in the nephron and secrete toxins it doesn’t need
4. It will then join with the Renal vein

23
Q

What is the filtrate that comes out the nephron?

24
Q

What can post and pre renal AKI cause?

Study These Flashcards
A

Intrarenal issues

25
Why is there a decrease in gromelular rate?
1. vascular changes -vasoconstriction -endothelial dysfunction 2. tubular changes - damaged cells -necrotic debris Causes backleak of urine
26
How do you diagnose AKI
-Measure the amount of waste product called creatinine. This because high creatinine levels in the blood show filtration is not working effectively
27
What drugs are contraindicated in AKI
Remember “ DAMN” Diuretics Ace- inhibitors/ ARBS Metformin NSAID’s
28
What is creatinine
Normal breakdown product of creatine , which is released from muscle tissue. - freely filtered by glomerulus - not reabsorbed - it is secreted
29
What is a recent way to measure creatinine clearance (apart from cockgrauft)
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)
30
What are the symptoms of AKI
Vomiting/diarrhoea Reduce urine production Nausea Fatigue Confusion
31
Diagnosis of AKI
1) increase in serum creatinine of 26 micromol/L in 48 hours 2) Increase in serum creatinine of 1.5x of baseline in 7 days
32
Clinical tests for AKI
1) serum creatinine testing 2) urine production 3) urea and electrolytes
33
Treatment of AKI
1) IV fluid resuscitation 2) withhold nephrotoxic medication (DAMN)
34
Things to take into consideration in AKI
-If patient has been treated with trimethoprim, this can cause a false positive result as it increases creatinine - recent given birth: can cause false positive due to rise in creatinine
35
For a person with AKI, assess:
Fluid intake and losses Heart rate/ blood pressure Changes in urination pattern
36
What is the mdrd used to calculate?
eGFR the glomerular filtration rate
37
What is the CG equation used to estimate?
Creatine clearance
38
What is MDRD adjusted for
Age Gender Race NOT WEIGHT
39
What does the MDRD assume
That a normal body surface area is 1.73m2
40
Which equation is better for estimating drug dosing?
Recommended to use CG equation
41
Can you still use egfr (MDRD)for drug dosing
Yes
42
In which cases should eGFR not be used for calculating drug doses:
-Patients with extremes of body weight or muscle mass - Renally cleared drugs with narrow therapeutic index (digoxin, DOACS, theophylline, lithium and vancomycin) - rapidly changing renal function e.g AKI
43
What are the units for eGFR (MDRD formula)
- should always be a whole number (round to nearest whole ) - ml/min/1.73m2
44
Complications of AKI
Hyperkaelaemia Metabolic acidosis Sodium imbalance
45
Management of AKI
Determine AKI (post renal etc.) Correct any hyperkaelaemia and / or metabolic acidosis Optimise fluid balance
46
How to optimise fluid balance?
-hypovolaemia (sodium chloride 0.9%) - hypernatraemia (dextrose 5%)
47
How to treat hyperkalaemia in AKI?
STOP all drugs that cause hyperkalaemia e.g ACE- inhibitors, ARBs, aldosterone antagonists
48
How to adjust drug dose in AKI
Reduce dose - causing drug concentration to return to desired level. Increase dose interval - skipping every other dose causing drug conc to fall to desired level
49
Ways to prevent AKI
Maintain adequate systolic BP and hydration Avoid nephrotoxic drugs Monitor renal function and adjusting drug treatment
50
What is the drug “sick day” guidance
Advising temporary cessation of drugs that have potential to impair renal function when patients at risk of AKI E,g ACE- inhibitors, ARBs, Diuretics , NSAID’s

Kidney (AKI) (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions