Al Ghoul Histo Of Respiratory

Question 1

Three functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

1. Gas Exchange- O2/CO2, pH regulation, excreion
2. Phonation
3. Olfacation

Question 2

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory system and their functions?

Answer 2

1. Airway AKA conducting portion- move air in and out of terminal structures
2. Respiratory Portion- gas exchange

Question 3

What the structures in the conducting portion?

The respiratory Portion?

Answer 3

Conducting- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Respiratory portion- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 4

What makes bronchioles distinct from the other structures in the conducting portion?

Answer 4

It is the only one that lacks cartilage which is the structure that helps keep airways open.

Question 5

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity, function, and what lines them?

Answer 5

1. Vestibule lined with skin
2. Respiratory region (AKA Conchae)- lined with respiratory mucous- this warm, filters and moistens the air
3. Olfactory region- lined with olfactory mucosa and for a sense of smell

Question 6

Identify the type of respiratory epithelium?

Answer 6

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 7

function of Ciliated cells? Where are they most present?

Answer 7

Ciliated cells move mucous over the epithelium.

Most abundant in the respiratory and become very sparse in the bronchioles

Question 8

Function of goblet cells? Where are they very abundant?

Answer 8

Goblet cells produce and secrete mucous. Very abundant in the nasal cavity

Question 9

Function of Brush cells?

Where are they sparse?

Answer 9

Have blunt mircrovilli with afferent nerve fibers for stimulation of the mucosa,

Sparse in trachea and bronchi.

Question 10

Function of granule cells?

Which way do they secrete?

Answer 10

Enteroendocrine cells- release things into local environment to affect near by area

Secrete across the basal lamina into the CT space and usually affects local area.

Question 11

Function of the lamina propria in the respiratory region?

Answer 11

It’s a vascular network to warm and moisten inspired air

Question 12

Cell types in the respiratory region and trachea and bronchi (5)

Answer 12

1. Ciliated
2. Goblet
3. Brush
4. Granule
5. Basal- stem cells

Question 13

Identify epithelium of olfactory region

Answer 13

Specialized psuedostratified ciliated columnar

Question 14

Cell types in the olfactory region

Answer 14

1. olfactory receptor cells
2. Sustentacular cells (supporting cells)
3. Brush
4. Basal- stem cells

Question 15

Structure and functions of Lamina propria of olfactory?

Answer 15

1. Olfactory glands- serous secretions that function as solvent to clear mucous of bad smells
2. Olfactory nerves
3. Vasculature

Question 16

What does the pharynx connect? And what are its two components?

Answer 16

Connects the nasal/oral cavity to the larynx and esophagus

1. Nasopharynx- connects to middle ear via eustacian tubes, pharyngeal tonsils
2. Oropharnyx- palatine tonsils (these are the ones we see that we call tonsils)

Question 17

What does the larynx connect? Function?

Answer 17

Connects the oropharynx to the trachea

Function- phonation

Question 18

4 layers of the traches

Answer 18

1. Mucosa (comprised of epithelial lining and lamina propria)
2. Sub mucous- glands, nerves, blood vessels
3. Cartilage layer- HYALINE C-shaped cartilage with trachealis smooth muscle
4. Adventitia- CT, blood vessels, nerves

Question 19

Major difference between trachea and bronchi?

Answer 19

Trachea has C-shaped cartilage while bronchi has discontinuous cartilage

Question 20

Cells of Bronchioles

Answer 20

1. Ciliated (very sparse)
2. Goblet
3. Clara
4. Granule
5. Basal- stem cells

Question 21

Layers of bronchioles

Answer 21

1. Mucous- almost cubodial b/c epithelium gets smaller
2. Smooth Muscle
3. Adventitia- CT, blood vessels, and nerves

Question 22

Function of clara cells

Answer 22

Secrete surfacant like material to keep the bronchioles open

Question 23

Discuss what cells become more and which ones become less abudant as you go down respiratory structures

Answer 23

More- Smooth muscle and clara cells

Less- Cilia and cartilage

Question 24

Possible reasons for an airway to be expanded/something filling it?

Answer 24

1. Foreign Object
2. Mucous (COPD)
3. Fibrosis
4. Tumor

Question 25

Function of mucous (2) | What secretes mucous?

Answer 25

* * secreted from goblet*** 1. Protect and moisten airways 2. Traps inhaled particles and pathogens Has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial compounds and mucin proteins

Question 26

When do goblet cells make mucous?

Answer 26

Constitutively and upon stimulation (sensory input) from CNS

Question 27

3 ways that mucus production can do wrong due to inflammation 2 genetic ways that lead to mucous in airways

Answer 27

the inflammation cause increase in T-lymphocytes and an increase in interleukin which can 1. Hyperplasia of goblet cells 2. Hyper-production of mucous 3. loss of cilia function Genetic 1. Cystic fibrous 2. Primary cilia dyskinesia

Question 28

What happens in primary cilia dyskinesia?

Answer 28

Congenital disease where both dynein arms are missing The cilia beat is compromised and the mucous is stasis (inactive)

Question 29

What happens in cystic firbosis

Answer 29

Cells neighboring the goblet cells have dysfunction in Chloride channel. So the mucous has an increase in viscosity and less clearance and MUCUS STASIS occurs

Question 30

Causes of Asthma

Answer 30

1. Increase in smooth muscle thickness/SM hyperplasia - looks like big bundles rather than lining decreasing the diameter of bronchioles (through mast cells and eosinophils)- this contracts during attack and since their isn't cartilage airway can't be opened back up 2. Increased mucus secretion through CNS 3. Chronic inflammation due to mast cells

Question 31

How mast and eosinphil affects?

Answer 31

Mast stimulate eosonphils--> stimulate Smooth muscle hypertrophy--> stmulate CNS to increase mucous production Eosinophils also responsible for major basic proteins that are responsible for epithelial damage

Question 32

Structures involved in has exchange

Answer 32

1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar Ducts 3. Alveolar Sacs 4. Capillary

Question 33

Distinguishing component of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 33

It has elements of both the conducting and exchange system. Must contain at least one alveolus

Question 34

What are alvolar sacs?

Answer 34

A cluster of alveoli

Question 35

two components of gas exchange? What lines them? Discuss distuburtion of lining of alveoli

Answer 35

Capillaries (blood) and alveoli/alveolar ducts (air) Alveolar lined by 1. Type 1 Pnuemocyte make up ~8% of cells but line 95% of SA 2. Type II Pnuemocyte- make up 16% of cells but only line 5% of SA 3. Only contains pulmonary macrophages AKA Dust cells Capillaries lined by 1. Endothelial cells 2. Very thin CT interstitial layer b/w basal and surface

Question 36

Distribution and function (2) of Type I pneumocytes?

Answer 36

8% of total cells but line 95% of alveolar ducts SA * Look for flattened nuclei-squamous cells* 1. Critical for gas exchange 2. Use energy dependent membrance associated pump for transport and normal removal of vascular fluids/exudates (preventing accumulation in alveolar)

Question 37

Distribution of Pneumocytes Type II? Identifying factors? Functions (2)

Answer 37

16% of total cell but only cover 5% of total SA. Identify by roundness in LM and by lamellar bodies in EM Functions 1. Secrete surfactant(choline derived phospholipids) due to the *lamellar bodies* which reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar space from collapsing 2. Stem Cell to Type 1

Question 38

Function of alveolar macrophages AKA dust % of total cells? Which way to they migrate?

Answer 38

Scavenge particulate matter, virus, bacteria 10% of total cells? Normally migrate up the brconhiol system or can leave into interstial space and form black deposits in the septae

Question 39

What causes alveolar walls to collapse thus causing large open spaces?

Answer 39

Cigratte smoke, foreign particle, allergens cause recruitment of macrophages and leukocytes stimulate eosinophils which stimulate proteases, elastase sectrion which break down the CT fibers and expand alveolar walls and they end up with minimal elasticity

Question 40

What happens in emphysema? | Why is this different from asthma?

Answer 40

Loss of gas exchange IN asthma there is a blockage of airway

Question 41

What happens after the alveolar rearrangment?

Answer 41

The walls are opened and there is a tissue repair response so excess CT fibers and there is firbrosis of the the remaining walls