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Alana - biology > Alana > Flashcards

Alana Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

what is diffusion

A

passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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2
Q

what is osmosis

A

passive movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration through a semipermeable membrane

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3
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane

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4
Q

what is active transport

A

active movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient) through a semipermeable membrane

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5
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

a solution that has a higher solute concentration (lower water content) than another

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6
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids

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7
Q

which type of bond joins amino acids together

A

peptide bonds

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8
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein

A

how the primary structure folds into alpha-helices or beta-sheets or a combination of the two

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9
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

how the secondary structure folds again to create the functional protein

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10
Q

what is the quaternary structure of a protein

A

when more than one tertiary structures come together to form a functional protein

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11
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has:

  • U instead of T
  • ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
  • single stranded instead of double stranded
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12
Q

what are the three types of RNA

A

messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA

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13
Q

where do transcription and translation occur

A

transcription - in the nucleus

translation - in the cytosol on ribosomes

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14
Q

what is transcription

A

the process of making mRNA from DNA

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15
Q

what is the enzyme involved in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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16
Q

what is semi-conservative replication

A

the process of DNA replication where one strand of the parent double helix is conserved in each new DNA molecule (one new, one old)

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17
Q

what changes need to be done to pre-mRNA to make it mature mRNA

A
  • 5’ cap
  • 3’ polyA tail
  • Introns spliced out
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18
Q

which bases are purines and which are pyramidines

Study These Flashcards
A

purines - adenine and guanine

pyramidines - thymine and cytosine

19
Q

what is the difference in structure between purines and pyramidines

Study These Flashcards
A

purines - double carbon-nitrogen ring

pyramidines - single carbon-nitrogen ring

20
Q

which nucleotide bases pair together

Study These Flashcards
A

A - T/U

C - G

21
Q

what is the function of the 3’ poly-A tail on mRNA

Study These Flashcards
A

prevents degradation of the mRNA when moving through the cell to be translated

22
Q

what is translation

Study These Flashcards
A

the process of making a protein from mRNA

23
Q

what is the function of tRNA

Study These Flashcards
A

brings the amino acids to the ribosome for translation

24
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are created between base pairs

Study These Flashcards
A

Between C and G - 3

Between A and T/U - 2

25
what are nucleotide bases made up of
- sugar (deoxribose in DNA, or ribose in RNA) - a phosphate group - a nitrogen group
26
what is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
27
output of glycolysis
2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate
28
where does glycolysis occur
cytosol
29
where does the krebs cycle occur
matrix of the mitochondria
30
output of 1 cycle of the krebs cycle (1 pyruvate)
``` 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2 3 CO2 (double these numbers for 1 glucose --> 2 pyruvate) ```
31
where does the ETC occur
cristae of the mitochrondria
32
what are the compounds called that reduce NADH and FADH2
cytochromes
33
how many ATP are made during ETC
32
34
how many ATP are made during aerobic respiration
38
35
how many ATP, NADPH2 and O2 are made by the light dependent stage of photosynthesis
6 O2 12 ATP `12 NADPH2
36
what is made in the light independent stage of photosynthesis
1 glucose (C6H12O6) 6 H20 12 ADP + Pi 12 NADP
37
what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis Krebs cycle ETC
38
autotrophs
produce organic materials from inorganic material to meet their energy needs
39
heterotrophs
obtain organic materials by feeding on other organisms and their products which they must break down into simpler forms
40
what is the link reaction (first part of the Krebs cycle)
conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA (with the loss of CO2 and NADH)
41
how is ATP made in the electron transport chain
by ATP synthase
42
what is the function of the Calvin cycle
to convert CO2 to glucose
43
what is the formula for the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis
H20 --> O2 + ATP + NADPH2
44
what is the formula for the light independent reaction of photosynthesis (The Calvin cycle)
CO2 + ATP + NADPH2 --> C6H12O6

Alana - biology (1 decks)

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