Alcohol

Question 1

what is alcohol made of

Answer 1

mostly made of carbohydrates

Question 2

what constitutes a drink

Answer 2

beer - 341 mL (5%)
cider/cooler - 341 mL (5%)
wine - 142 mL (12%)
distilled alc - 43mL (40%)

Question 3

how is alcohol absorbed

Answer 3

rapidly via simple diffusion (no transporters)
wine - hard liquor - beer (slowest)

Question 4

where is alcohol found in the body

Answer 4

wherever water is found
- breath, in muscles, urine, etc

Question 5

what does alcohol do to the cell membrane

Answer 5

easily moves through it and damages it

Question 6

what does alcohol metabolism depend on

Answer 6

sex, ethnicity, size, food, physical condition, alc content

Question 7

what is it metabolized by

Answer 7

liver - some is metabolized in stomach
has priority !!

Question 8

can alc be stored in the body

Answer 8

no

Question 9

what system in the liver is found in excessive drinkers

Answer 9

MEOS - microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
(importance increases with alc intake)

Question 10

genetic factors of metabolism

Answer 10

variations of ADH and ALDH

Question 11

effect of a fast ADH and slow ALDH

Answer 11

build up of acetaldehyde
-facial flushing
-nausea
-rapid heart beat

Question 12

benefits of 1-2 drinks a day (moderate intake) (5)

Answer 12

increase HDL
decrease chronic inflammation
improves body use of insulin and glucagon
improves cognitive function
phytochemical content

Question 13

physiological negatives of alc intake (6)

Answer 13

high blood pressure
stroke
dementia
throat, stomach, bladder cancer
CNS disorders
vitamin/mineral deficiencies

Question 14

how much alc can females metabolize compared to males

Answer 14

10% compared to men’s 30%
-less ADH in the stomach cells

Question 15

2 reasons why alc affects females more than males

Answer 15

less body water to dilute alc
fluctuations in hormones affects metabolism

Question 16

effects of drinking on females

Answer 16

larger portion of alc reaches and remains in bloodstream
develop alc-related ailments faster than men

Question 17

how much alc can people metabolize generally

Answer 17

5-7g/hr (1 1/2 12oz beer, 5oz glass of wine, 1.5oz shot)

Question 18

what does alc metabolism depend on

Answer 18

genetics (enzymes, liver size), body mass, amt of alc, nutrition

Question 19

what is a hangover

Answer 19

dehydration of the brain

Question 20

how does formaldehyde affect hangovers

Answer 20

body produces methanol during metabolism when consuming ethanol (alc)
- process forms formaldehyde which causes hangover symptoms

Question 21

what cures a hangover

Answer 21

time!

Question 22

affects of alc combined with tobacco

Answer 22

increased risk for esophageal and oral cancer

Question 23

alc abuse increased risks

Answer 23

heart damage, arrythmia, hypertension, stroke, hypoglycemia, cancer, brain damage, etc

Question 24

effects of alc on brain

Answer 24

speed up brain cell loss and impair brain/nerve function

Question 25

effects of alc on heart

Answer 25

high blood pressure, scar tissue formation in heart - leads to heart failure

Question 26

effects of alc on liver

Answer 26

fatty and enlarged - cirrhosis

Question 27

effects of alc on stomach and pancreas

Answer 27

inflammation, pain, bleeding, organ failure, death

Question 28

effects of alc on esophagus

Answer 28

toxic to cells lining esophagus - cancer

Question 29

what is cirrhosis

Answer 29

fatty infiltration of the liver

Question 30

effects of cirrhosis (5)

Answer 30

increased synthesis of fat enlarged fat cells: choke of nutrient and O2 supply to liver cells, engorged fat cells burst and die 50% chance of death in next 4 years advanced stages are irreversible destruction of vital tissues

Question 31

limits on moderate drinking

Answer 31

10 drinks or less per week (max 2 drinks/day) - women 15 drinks or less per week (max 3 drinks/day) - men

Question 32

effects of moderate drinking (4)

Answer 32

reduce stress/anxiety improve apetite which can benefit elderly people lower risk of dementia/CVD/abnormal blood clots resveratrol may reduce risk of some chronic diseases but amt in wine is negligible

Question 33

risks of moderate drinking

Answer 33

women - higher risk of breast cancer higher rates of bleeding in brain weight management increase food intake drug-alc interaction

Question 34

typical behaviours of moderate drinkers

Answer 34

drink slowly eat food don't binge respect non-drinkers remain peaceful/unchanged cause no problem

Question 35

typical behaviours of problem drinkers

Answer 35

gulp/chug empty stomach binge drink pressure others to drink become loud, angry, violent harm themselves or others

Question 36

cause of a black out

Answer 36

caused by disruption of activity in hippocampus interferes with transfer of knowledge btwn long and short term memory

Question 37

how much alc do adolescents drink

Answer 37

20% of consumption in CAN is by underage drinkers

Question 38

avg age to start drinking

Answer 38

14 years

Question 39

effects of alc dependence

Answer 39

loss of productivity premature death tretment expenses legal fees medical expenses (affects 13% of north america)

Question 40

genetic influence on alc dependence

Answer 40

tolerance children of alcoholics - 4X more likely to become one too

Question 41

nutrient deficiencies in alcoholics

Answer 41

thiamin (impairs brain use of glucose), nicain (used in alc metabolism), B12, A, C, D, folate

Question 42

memory syndrome caused by alc

Answer 42

korsakoff's syndrome (damage to short term memory)

Question 43

what are delirium tremens caused by

Answer 43

thiamin deficiency

Question 45

how are depression and alc linked

Answer 45

more symptoms of depression = alc intake self medication - alc releases serotonin and dopamine while being a depressant

Question 46

what is binge drinking

Answer 46

4-5 drinks in 2 hours (acute alc intoxication)

Question 47

% of students who binge drink

Answer 47

50%

Question 48

effects of binge drinking

Answer 48

death, accidents, unsafe sex, assault, destruction of property, injury, suicide, academic problems

Question 49

how to diagnose alc dependence (6)

Answer 49

physiological dependence, high tolerance, alc-associated illness, depression/black outs, flushed face/red skin, continued drinking despite medical and social contradictions