Alcohol, STIs Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What is alcohol based on?
A
Ethyl alcohol/ethanol
2
Q
In what religion is it forbidden to drink alcohol?
A
Islam
3
Q
How is alcohol made?
A
Made by the action of yeast on sugar. The yeast uses sugar to respire anaerobically to produce energy. Alcohol and CO2 are produced through this process. (= fermentation)
4
Q
How is wine made?
A
Grapes
5
Q
How is cider made?
A
Crushed apples
6
Q
How is beer made?
A
Barley to which hops have been added / malt obtained from barley seeds
7
Q
Through fermentation, what % of alcohol can be obtained?
A
15% alcohol — any stronger and the yeast will begin to be killed off
8
Q
How are spirits made?
A
By distilling alcohol produced through fermentation. This is what produces spirits, are usually 40% pure alcohol.
9
Q
Examples of spirits
A
Gin, whisky, vodka, rum
10
Q
How are fortified wines made?
A
Adding brandy to table wines
11
Q
Examples of fortified wines
A
Sherry, port
12
Q
How are the bubbles in sparkling wines made?
A
A second fermentation in the bottle whereby bubbled stay trapped in the bottle.
13
Q
What do congeners affect?
A
Look, flavor, taste and smell of alcohol
14
Q
How to know if something contains more or less congeners
A
Clear/lighter colored drinks (vodka) = fewer
Darker drinks (red wine) = more
15
Q
Why do teens drink?
A
- because friends drink
- because of lack of entertainment
- see how it feels
- to overcome shyness or awkwardness
- to ‘impress’
- because they like the taste
16
Q
Why do adults drink?
A
- to feel more relaxed
- as part of everyday life
- to celebrate special occasion
- to be sociable at bar/party
- to enjoy taste/quench thirst
- to go with a meal
- reaction to stress/boredom
17
Q
How much is a unit of alcohol?
A
10ml / 8 grams
18
Q
Recommended units for women and men
A
Women = 2-3/day
Men = 3-4/day
19
Q
What is ABV?
A
Alcohol by volume, a measure of amount of pure alcohol as a % of the total volume of liquid in a drink
20
Q
How to calculate the number of units in a drink?
A
Multiply total volume of drink (ml) by ABV (%) and dividing by 1000
21
Q
How is alcohol absorbed into the body?
A
Absorbed directly into the blood from stomach and first part of small intestine — can affect you within a few minutes.
The enzyme dehydrogenase breaks down the alcohol in the liver.
22
Q
At what rate is alcohol removed from the body?
A
8 grams / 1 unit per hour
23
Q
What does alcohol do to brain activity and reflexes?
A
It is a depressant drug, so it slows down the activity of the brain.
Slows reflexes by reducing speed at which neurons carry nerve impulses and pass impulses from to each other.
24
Q
Why is it dangerous that alcohol slows reflexes?
A
Because they are at greater risk of getting into an accident if they are in a situation where they need fast reflexes (driving/walking across a busy road).
25
Why does alcohol make people more lively?
Reduces the ability of different parts of the brain to communicate with each other which leads to loss of inhibition
26
What happens in terms of behavior because of excess alcohol? Why?
Serious behavioral problems: violence, aggression, sexual promiscuity because it causes people to do things common sense would stop them from doing
27
What can alcohol lead to (list)?
- feeling more cheerful with slower reactions
- loss of worry and anxiety
- being more talkative with less reliable judgement
- reduced co-ordination, actions become clumsy
- loss of balance
- less self control with extreme responses (person is more aggressive / tearful)
- loss of consciousness
28
How does alcohol affect the kidneys?
Kidneys produce more urine (=diuretic effect)
29
What does dehydration cause?
The brain to shrink away from skull, triggers painful headaches
30
What happens to the heart beat because of drinking lots of alcohol?
Vital minerals (e.g. Mg + K) are excreted through urine. These help the heart beating so dangerous cardiac arrhythmias can occur after heavy drinking.
31
What happens to the skin after drinking?
Blood vessels in skin become dilates and the surface of the body becomes warm. Heat is lost so you should not give a person alcohol to drink if they are cold.
32
How does alcohol affects blood sugar?
Lowers blood sugar levels as glucose is excreted in urine.
33
How does alcohol affect males?
1) interferes with nerve endings that control erections in males
2) reduce levels of testosterone that control sexual desire
34
How does alcohol affect females?
Painful, heavy, uncomfortable, irregular periods which can lead to infertility
35
What does alcohol do in relation to sex?
1) increases risk of sexual assault
2) increases risk of having unsafe sex
36
Why does alcohol induce fainting?
1) when people stand their blood pressure falls so the body responds by tightening blood vessels. 2) after drinking alcohol, this system no longer works which is why it can induce a faint.
37
What is alcohol poisoning?
Occurs when a person drinks a toxic amount of alcohol. (= binge drinking)
38
What is BAC?
Blood alcohol concentration, the amount of alcohol in bloodstream
39
A person with alcohol poisoning is taken to the hospital, what might they need?
- tracheostomy
- fit an intravenous drip (contains water, blood sugar, vitamins)
- fit a catheter to drain urine into bag
- pump their stomach
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If a person is poisoned by alcohol they could…
- choke on their vomit
- stop breathing
- have a heart attack
- inhale vomit, leading to fatal lung damage
- become severely dehydrated, can cause permanent brain damage
- develop hypothermia
- have seizures as a result of lowered blood sugar
- repeated vomiting and retching can lead to vomiting of blood as a result of torn blood vessels
- in severe cases; coma, brain damage, death
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Some people become dependent on alcohol. Their bodies are used to drinking.
They become tolerant and are said to be alcohol
41
Medicine and alcohol
The effect of either the alcohol or the medicine or both can be made stronger
42
Pregnancy and alcohol
Alcohol travels across placenta and is fed to baby, can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome
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Characteristics of someone with foetal alcohol syndrome
- reduced brain development
- small head
- short nose
- flat face
- thin lips
- small eye openings
44
What does BAC depend on?
- how much you have drunk
- how quickly you drank
- your size
- your sex
- amount of food in stomach
- how often you drink
45
Why does BAC depend on your size?
If you are small, your BAC is less so you are likelier to be affected by a given amount of alcohol.
46
Why does BAC depend on your sex?
Women have slightly higher BAC than men for the equivalent intake of alcoholic drinks
47
Why does BAC depend on the amount of food in your stomach?
1) one unit of alcohol on an empty stomach is absorbed within an hour 2) but when there is food in the stomach, the process slows 3) because the pyloric sphincter closes and the alcohol is trapped in the stomach 4) where it is absorbed slower
5) carbonated drinks cause the pyloric sphincter to open 6) so BAC increases quickly
48
Why does BAC depend on how often you drink?
The more regularly you drink, the less affected you become. People then need more to have the same effect.
49
symptoms of a hangover
- terrible headache
- depression
- strong thirst
- feeling sick and tired
- being more sensitive to noise and bright lights
50
How is a hangover produced?
Alcohol makes the body lose water and together with congeners (some are toxic), a hangover is produced
51
effects of alcohol over a long period of time
1) Small amounts reduce risk of heart disease and can reduce stress 2) but people who drink too much or at the wrong time, take many risks 3) and several organs could be damaged.
52
Effects of alcohol on liver
Heavy drinkers’ livers produce more alcohol dehydrogenase. The liver becomes overactive, cells dies and tissue hardens. The result is cirrhosis of the liver.
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Effects of alcohol on stomach
Chance of developing gastritis
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Effects of alcohol on brain
Loss of memory and confusion, can lead to dementia.
Alcohol draws water out of cells by osmosis. If this happens to brain cells, they shrink and may become irreversibly damaged.
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Effects of alcohol on heart
Can weaken the action of heart muscles and lead to heart failure
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Effects of alcohol on circulatory system
Raised blood pressure
Increased risk of certain forms of a stroke
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Effects of alcohol on weight
Could lead to a weight problem
58
What cancers can alcohol lead to?
Liver, colon, rectum, breast
59
How does drinking affect the body? (In terms of drunk driving)
- you cannot coordinate + control muscles as well as you can normally
- it takes longer to react, so more difficult to deal with something unexpected on the road
- less able to judge speed and distance
- affects people’s judgements and emotions
60
Who else do drunk driving rules apply to?
Cyclists
60
Legal limit in Spain
0.5 grams per liter of blood ( or 0.3 grams / liter of blood for a person who has had a license for 2 years or less)
61
How to get home if you have gone drinking?
- leave car / moped behind and go with a sober driver
- use public transport
- arrange to come home by taxi
- organize somewhere to stay if you cannot get home
- take it in turns to be the sober driver, if you are a member of a regular group
62
What should you do if you are hosting a party?
Provide non- or low-alcohol drinks for drivers
63
What to do if someone is going to drive drunk
Do your best to prevent them, even confiscating their keys if necessary
64
When can a person be asked to take a breath test?
- they are involved in a traffic accident
- they commit a traffic offense
- the police suspect they are over they limit
These tests can be carried out at anytime
65
When is it illegal to be over the limit to drive?
Illegal to even attempt to drive / be in a vehicle if you are over the limit
66
What does it mean to go through a breath test?
Means being brethalyzed, asked to blow into an electronic screening device (ESD)
67
What does a failed breath test mean?
- 6 points off your license
- disqualification from driving for a period of time
- a heavy fine
- in extreme cases, a prison sentence
68
Link between drinking and crime
Alcohol and crime are closely linked, particularly linked with violence
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Drugs definition
Substances which affect chemical processes in our bodies
70
Difference between medicinal and recreational drugs
Medicinal drugs are designed to treat specific illnesses and have undergone clinical testing. Recreational drugs are taken at someone’s own risk and may be legal or illegal.
71
Degree of danger of a drug depends on nature of the drug, what factors does it include?
- direct effects of drug on body
- risk of an overdose
- how addictive the drug is
72
Why is tobacco dangerous?
Causes cancer and is highly addictive
73
what are two of the most dangerous recreational drugs and why?
Heroin and cocaine because they are so powerfully addictive
74
In what ways do drugs affect our brains?
Alters our emotions, behavior or consciousness (= psychoactive)
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What do psychoactive drugs do?
Mimic / disrupt neurotransmitter substances which carry messages across the synapses between neurons
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What do stimulants do?
Speed up activity between neurons usually by increasing amount of neurotransmitter and so increase activity of CNS
77
examples of stimulants
Caffeine, nicotine, ecstasy, cocaine
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How do you feel under the influence of stimulants?
More alert, energetic, euphoric. Once effect wears off you feel worse than before
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What do depressants do?
Block / reduce amount of neurotransmitter substance, slowing brain activity
80
examples of depressants
Tranquilizers, sleeping pills, solvents, alcohol, heroin
81
Why does heroin depress the nervous system?
Mimics endorphins. Long term use stops body’s own production of endorphins which leads to dangerous physical withdrawal symptoms.
82
What do hallucinogens do?
Make you feel, see, hear things which don’t exist
83
What can LSD trigger?
Long term mental illness
84
Examples of hallucinogens
Cannabis, LSD
85
Factors involved in the effects of drugs
- nature of chemical compound
- amount of drug taken
- past drug experience
- way in which drug is taken
- circumstances in which drug is taken
86
Why is the way in which a drug is taken’ a factor involved with the effect of a drug
Taking a drug orally gives a time delay for effects to take place
Injecting substances directly into vein gives an almost immediate effect
87
Addiction definition
Being unable to function properly without a drug
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Different types of addiction
1) Psychological (cravings or compulsions)
2) physical (body has adapted to presence of drug and no longer works without it)
89
Tolerance definition
When a person’s body has got so used to a particular drug that more and more drug is needed to have the same effect as before
90
Illegal drug definition
A drug whose use is banned by law
91
What are STIs?
Infections that you can get through unprotected sex, or genital contact with someone who has the infection
92
what are are the causes of STIs?
Bacteria, parasites, viruses
93
Other than through genital contact, what is another way you can get STIs?
Viruses or bacteria that cause STIs can enter the body through cuts in the mouth and anus
94
What can increase someone’s chances of getting an STI?
1) sexual activity at a young age
2) lots of sexual partners
3) unprotected sex
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How to prevent getting an STI?
Using a condom
96
What causes chlamydia?
Bacteria
97
What other infection of chlamydia is possible, aside from genital
Chlamydial eye infection
98
What can chlamydia cause in females?
- pain / burning sensation when urinating
- unusual vaginal discharge
- pain in lower abdomen during / after sex
- bleeding during / after sex, or between periods
- can cause heavy periods
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What can chlamydia cause in males?
- pain / burning sensation when urinating
- white, watery, cloudy discharge from tip of penis
- itching / burning sensation around penis
- pain / tenderness in testicles
100
How is chlamydia diagnosed?
Urine test or taking a swab of the affected area
101
How is chlamydia treated? What can it lead to if left untreated?
Antibiotics, untreated. It can lead to infertility.
102
What are genital warts?
Fleshy outgrowths, bumps or skin changes on or around genital or anal area, they are caused by HPV. They are painless but there may be itching or redness.
103
HPV
Human Papilloma Virus
104
How are genital warts spread?
Skin to skin contact
105
How are genital warts treated?
Cryotherapy
106
What is genital herpes?
An infection caused by the HSV. Small, painful blister / sores develop, which may cause itching or tingling, or make it painful to urinate.
106
HSV
Herpes Simplex Virus
107
How can symptoms of genital herpes be controlled?
Antiviral medicines
108
What is gonorrhea caused by?
The bacteria gonococcus
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Other name for gonorrhea
‘the clap‘
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How can gonorrhea be spread?
Vaginal, oral, anal sex or pregnant mother to her baby. It cannot be spread by kissing, hugging etc. as the bacteria cannot survive outside the body for long.
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Symptoms of gonorrhea
- thick, yellow or green discharge from vagina / penis
- pain when urinating
- bleeding between periods
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How is gonorrhea diagnosed?
Testing a sample of discharge picked up using a swab or analyzing urine sample
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In females, what can gonorrhea lead to?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), which may lead to infertility
114
In males, what can gonorrhea lead to?
Pain and swelling in testicular area, which may lead to infertility
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What is the treatment for gonorrhea?
Antibiotics
116
What is AIDS caused by?
Caused by Human Deficiency Virus (HIV). A virus that destroys CD4 helpers lymphocytes.
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When CD4 helper cells get destroyed, people begin to get infections they normally wouldn’t. They have become…
Immune deficient
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AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficient Syndrome
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What is a virus?
A small, simple structure which cannot be described as a cell (does not behave and have the structures the way cells do). They are parasites.
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Structure of a virus
Composed of two parts:
1) generic material - hijacks the cell’s nucleus. Carries the instructions to direct host cell to manufacture lots of copies of the same virus.
2) protein coat - protects genetic material. Envelope enables virus to find + attach to the correct host cell.
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The only cell that HIV attacks?
A type of white blood cells called CD4 helper lymphocytes
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How do viruses attack lymphocytes? (Specifically HIV and CD4 helper cells)
1) the protein envelope has a shape which matches the outside of the lymphocyte and attaches to it
2) once attached, the virus passes its genetic material into the host cell
3) the lymphocyte is converted into a factory that produces viruses under directions of virus’ genetic material
4) lymphocyte dies and releases thousands of new viruses
5) new viruses travel to uninfected lymphocytes
6) number of viruses increases so number of CD4 helper lymphocytes decreases
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What does it mean to inhibit a virus?
To interfere with it’s growth
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How is a person infected by HIV?
Direct contact of their body fluids with those of someone with the virus
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List of ways a person can be infected by HIV
1) through sexual intercourse
2) by the transfer of blood / blood products from an infected person into the bloodstream of someone else
3) Pregnant woman to foetus
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How does HIV pass through sex?
HIV can live in the vagina, rectum and urethra. During unprotected sex, the virus can pass from semen or vaginal fluid to another person.
127
Examples of HIV passing through blood
Sharing needles, syringes; unsterilized tattooing, piercing and acupuncture needles. Can also be infected by sharing razor or toothbrush (gums bleed).
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How does HIV pass from a pregnant woman to her baby?
Through placenta, at birth, milk
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What do professionals who deal with accidents wear to avoid being infected by HIV?
Protective gloves
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Is donated blood safe?
Donated blood is now screened to make sure it is not contaminated with HIV, so blood transfusions are now safe.
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Infections that result from HIV
- tuberculosis
- pneumonia
- meningitis
- cancers
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How does HIV affect the body?
1) The virus destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system so body loses ability to fight infections.
2) once the body lacks the number of CD4 cells required to fight infections or shows specific signs of illnesses that occur in HIV infection, doctors can diagnose AIDS.
133
When do AIDS / HIV symptoms appear?
May not appear for up to 10 years
134
is it possible to infect someone with HIV with no symptoms?
Yes
135
How can HIV be prevented?
1) fewer sexual partners and use of a condom
2) needlessly handling human blood / blood contaminated sharp objects
3) not sharing razors / toothbrushes
4) avoiding prolonged deep kissing if partner has mouth ulcers / bleeding gums
5) ensuring you go to a reputable professional who uses sterile equipment for piercings, acupuncture or tattooing
136
How does the HIV test work?
Looks for antibodies which are made against HIV
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When can an HIV test come back negative if a person has it?
If they only recently got HIV and the body hasn’t begun making antibodies or the person never makes antibodies
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Why is an HIV test not describes as an AIDS test?
Because AIDS is a set of symptoms
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How accurate is the antibody test?
98% accurate
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What is the treatment for HIV?
Combinations of antiretroviral drugs + drugs which boost the immune system but are not a cure. There is no commercially available vaccine.
141
The antiretroviral treatment for AIDS / HIV
AZT (zidovudine)
142
Example of retrovirus
HIV
143
What is a retrovirus?
A virus which is able to take over a cell’s DNA and cause that DNA to make viruses own genetic material and then the whole virus itself
144
why why is AZT effective against HIV? When was it discovered to be effective?
It was discovered to be effective in 1985.
It blocks the enzymes the virus uses to target and infect cells.
145
What treatment has increased the number of years it takes before the onset of AIDS? By what %?
Three drug combination treatment has increased the time period by 80%
146
Negative side effects of three drug combination treatment / AZT
Major effects:
- anaemia
- muscle pain + weakens
- abnormally low number of white blood cells
Minor effects:
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
147
Who is AZT widely given to?
Pregnant women. Effective in preventing mother to child transmission.
148
What does AIDS stand for?
A - acquired
I - immuno
D - deficiency
S - syndrome
