alcohols and carboxylic acid

Question 1

what is the general formula for alcohols

Answer 1

CnH2n+1OH

Question 2

describe solubility of alcohols

Answer 2

as you increase the chain the the solubility decreases as chain disrupts bonding between other water molecules

Question 3

describe the industrial production of ethanol

Answer 3

industrial ethanol is made by addition of steam with ethene in presence of phosphoric acid catalyst
its a continuous process with conc up to 96%
alcohol may be produced on a large scale

Question 4

what is the equation of industrial production of ethanol

Answer 4

CH2 + H2O —-> CH3CH2OH

Question 5

what are the requirements for industrial production of ethanol

Answer 5

steam
phosphoric catalyst
300 degrees and 6MPa
no visible change
electrophilic addition

Question 6

describe fermentation to produce ethanol

Answer 6

ethanol is made by the anaerobic fermentation of sugar found in plant-based material
its a batch process, 12-15% alcohol by volume

Question 7

whats is the equation of fermentation

Answer 7

C6H12O –> 2CH3CH2OH +CO2

Question 8

what are conditions for fermentation

Answer 8

sugars taken from fruit
anaerobic yeast
37 degrees

Question 9

why does ethanol reaches 15% during fermentation

Answer 9

because at these levels enzyme in yeast cease to function

Question 10

uses of alcohols

Answer 10

• alcoholic drinks
• fuel in camping stove
• biofuels- petrol substitute

Question 11

what is bioethanol

Answer 11

produced by fermentation of sugars in plants

Question 12

what is biodiesel

Answer 12

produced from oils and fats present in the seeds of some plants

Question 13

advantages of biofuel

Answer 13

• renewable
• carbon neutrality
• no fossil fuels (pricey)

Question 14

disadvantage of biofuels

Answer 14

• land use (deforestation)
• uses of resources
• carbon neutrality - factories and transport

Question 15

how do you make an alcohol into an alkene

Answer 15

dehydrated via elimination reaction

Question 16

whats the general formula of carboxylic acid

Answer 16

CnH2n+1COOH

Question 17

solubility of carboxylic acid

Answer 17

polar oxygen atom and can therefore form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. although longer the chains become progressively less soluble as hydrocarbon chains cant form hydrogen bonds

Question 18

what is the ionic formula for ethanoic acid reacting with a metal

Answer 18

CH3C00H —> CH3COO- + H+

Question 19

what is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid

Answer 19

weak acids to not fully dissociate

Question 20

what do you observe when a carboxylic acid reacts with metals

Answer 20

effervescence

Question 21

what do you produce when carboxylic acid reacts with bases

Answer 21

salt and water

Question 22

what do you produce when carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates or hydrogen carbonate

Answer 22

salt, CO2 and H2O

Question 23

what is the definition of a primary alcohol

Answer 23

the OH group is on a carbon atom which is bonded to only one carbon atom

Question 24

what is used when oxidizing alcohols

Answer 24

acidified aqueous dichromate

Question 25

what is created when you oxidize a primary alcohol by distillation

Answer 25

aldehyde

Question 26

what is created when you oxidize primary alcohols by reflex

Answer 26

carboxylic acid formed

Question 27

what is created when you oxidize secondary alcohol

Answer 27

ketone

Question 28

when does oxidization occur in alcohols

Answer 28

when carbon directly bonded to OH is bonded to hydrogen atoms. in primary there is 2 in secondary there is one and in tertiary there is none

Question 29

what are the observations for primary alcohol for oxidation and litmus paper

Answer 29

oxidation - orange to green litmus - blue to red

Question 30

what are the observations for secondary alcohol for oxidation and litmus paper

Answer 30

oxidation - orange to green litmus paper - remains blue

Question 31

what are the observations for tertiary alcohol for oxidation and litmus paper

Answer 31

oxidation - remain orange litmus - remains blue

Question 32

what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

Answer 32

an OH bond is broken and ester bond is formed

Question 33

how do you name an ester

Answer 33

first part of the name is the alcohol (e.g ethyl) second part is the carboxylic acid (e.g ethanoate)

Question 34

describe the process of separating an ester from its solution

Answer 34

once equilibrium is reached there is a mixture. ester must be removed by distillation so the reaction shifts equilibrium to the right so more esters are formed.