Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids & Esters Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is a reversible reaction?
Where the products of the reaction can themselves react to produce the original reactants
What happens if a reversible reaction takes place in a closed system?
A state of equilibrium will be reached
What does equilibrium mean?
The amounts of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there
What happens if you raise the temperature?
The endothermic reaction will increase to use up extra heat
What happens if you reduce the temperature?
Exothermic reaction will increase to give out more heat
What happens if you raise the pressure?
Encourages reaction which produces less volume
What happens if you lower the pressure?
Encourage the reaction which produces more volume
What doesn’t change the equilibrium position?
Adding a catalyst because you still end up with the same amount of product
What produces ammonia to make fertilisers?
The haber process
What is needed to make ammonia?
Nitrogen - obtained from air
Hydrogen - from crude oil or natural gases
What industrial conditions does the haber process need to be in?
Pressure - 200 atomospheres
Temperature - 450 degrees
Catalyst - iron
Why is the pressure set as high as possible?
To give the best % of yield without making the plant too expensive to build
What does the iron catalyst do?
Makes reaction go faster which gets it to the equilibrium proportions quicker and keeps costs down
What is an alcohols functional group?
OH
What is the formula for a alcohol?
Cn H 2n+1 OH
What are the first 3 alcohols in the homologous series?
Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
What is a homologous series?
A group of chemicals that react in a similar way because they have the same functional group
What are some properties of alcohols?
- flammable - produce carbon dioxide
- first 3 all dissolve completely in water to form neutral solutions
- react with sodium to give hydrogen and alkoxides
Why are alcohols used as solvents in industry?
- can dissolve compounds that water can not - hydrocarbons and oils
- ethanol is the solvent for perfumes
- ethanol - clean paint brushes
What else can ethanol be used for?
- fuels
- ferment sugar cane -renewable
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
COOH
How would you draw the functional group for carboxylic acids?
O
//
-C
\
OHWhat are the first 3 carboxylic acids?
Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid –> C2H5COOH
What do you get if you react a caboxylic acid with a carbonate?
Salt water and carbon dioxide
But the salt would end in anoate
Eg . Ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate –> sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
