Alexander II

Question 1

When was the emancipation of the serfs

Answer 1

1861

Question 2

In 1861 how many serfs were emancipated

Answer 2

51 million

Question 3

3 reasons for the emancipation edict

Answer 3

Political circle of progressive nobles known as the Party of St Petersburg who came into prominence at his court
Increase in peasant uprisings
Humiliation and inefficiencies main catalyst for action from Crimea

Question 4

What was believed to happen to modernise the army

Answer 4

Only a free population would provide the labour needed for military improvement.

Question 5

Initially who did the emancipation edict apply to

Answer 5

Only privately owned

Question 6

When did state serfs receive their freedom

Answer 6

1866

Question 7

What were emancipated serfs given

Answer 7

Granted them freedom and an allotment of land

Question 8

2 thing freed serfs had to do

Answer 8

pay redemption payments over 49 years and were to remain within the mir

Question 9

What were estasblished to supervise the mirs

Answer 9

volosts

Question 10

Why was land unfair during emancipation

Answer 10

Landowners kept meadows, pastures, woodland

Question 11

By 1881 how many peasants still remained temporarily obligated to their landlords

Answer 11

15%

Question 12

Who did well due to emancipation

Answer 12

Prosperous land peasants (Kulaks) did well as they brought up extra land and produced more

Question 13

Why did many peasants feel cheated by emancipation

Answer 13

land allocations rarely fair

Question 14

Limitations of the impact of emancipation on farming linking to the mir

Answer 14

institution and subsidence farming and technical backwardness persisted due to traditional mir system

Question 15

When was it when only 50% of peasantry was capable to produce a surplus

Answer 15

1878

Question 16

What percentage of peasantry was capable to produce a surplus in 1878

Answer 16

50%

Question 17

When were there military reforms under Alexander II

Answer 17

1874-75

Question 18

Who was conscription made compulsory for and what age

Answer 18

All classes from age 21

Question 19

What was length of service reduced to

Answer 19

25 years to 15 years of active service and 10 years in the reserves

Question 20

What was set up to provide better training for the non-noble officer corps

Answer 20

military colleges

Question 21

How did the better off get around compulsory conscription

Answer 21

Found substitutes to serve in their place

Question 22

When was the zemstva established

Answer 22

1864

Question 23

What was the zemstva

Answer 23

a local gov institution that provided social and economic services to rural areas

Question 24

Who dominated the zemstva

Answer 24

the nobilty

Question 25

When were dumas established

Answer 25

1870

Question 26

Why did the zemstva raise hopes

Answer 26

Establishment of a degree of representative government at local level

Question 27

Why was there judiciary reforms

Answer 27

because of emancipation

Question 28

What three things were established in the courts

Answer 28

Equality before the law establsihed Accused were now presumed innocent until proven guilty and could employ a lawyer Courts were open to the public and could be freely reported

Question 29

What was the outcome of the judiciary reforms

Answer 29

New opportunity for lawyers of the intelligentsia to criticise the regime

Question 30

Who now was the responsibility of schooling transferred to

Answer 30

Russian Orthodox church to Zemstva.

Question 31

When was it deemed necessary to reassert gov control over schooling

Answer 31

1866

Question 32

What were unis given the opportunity to do

Answer 32

govern themselves and appoint own staff.

Question 33

What happened in regard to primary and secondary education

Answer 33

extended and regarded as 'open to all' regardless of sex or class

Question 34

How many primary schools in 1856

Answer 34

8000

Question 35

How many primary schools in 1880

Answer 35

23000

Question 36

What did Alexander II allow with gov approval

Answer 36

foreign publications

Question 37

What was there an initial relaxation in

Answer 37

press censorship

Question 38

What did the growth in critical writing leed to

Answer 38

re-tightening on government control in 1870's