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Tsarist Russia AQA > Alexander II, the 'Tsar Reformer' > Flashcards

Alexander II, the 'Tsar Reformer' Flashcards

1
Q

When was Alexander II appointed as Tsar?

A

1855

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2
Q

When was the Emancipation of the Serfs?

A

1861

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3
Q

When was the state bank created?

A

1860

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4
Q

When was the reform of tax collection under Alexander II?

A

1860

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5
Q

When were the military reforms implemented?

A

1862-74

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6
Q

When was the Polish Revolt?

A

1863

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7
Q

When was the university statute?

A

1863

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8
Q

When were the zemstva created?

A

1864

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9
Q

When was the judiciary reform?

A

1864

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10
Q

When was the elementary school reform?

A

1864

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11
Q

When was the censorship reform?

A

1865

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12
Q

When was the first assassination attempt on Alexander II?

A

1866

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13
Q

When were the church reforms implemented?

Over two years

A

1867-69

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14
Q

When was the city/town reform?

A

1870

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15
Q

When were dumas introduced?

A

1870

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16
Q

When were the military service reforms?

A

1874

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17
Q

When did the Populists begin ‘Go to the People’?

A

1874

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18
Q

When was Chernyshevsky’s **What is to be done? **published?

A

1864

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19
Q

When was the Russian publication of Karl Marx’s **Das Kapital?

A

1872

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20
Q

When did the group Land and Liberty form and split?

A

1876-79

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21
Q

When was the Russo-Turkish War?

Over one year.

A

1877-78

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22
Q

When was the People’s Will established?

A

1879

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23
Q

When was the Assassination of Alexander II?

A

1881

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24
Q

When were the Loris-Melikov proposals?

A

1880

25
Q

When was the Loris-Melikov constitution signed but not confirmed?

A

1881

26
Q

When was Count Tolstoy chosen as Minister of Education?

Left post in 1880.

A

1866

27
Q

When was the famine and industrial recession?

Over two years.

A

1879-80

28
Q

When was the Russo-Turkish War?

Over two years.

A

1877-78

29
Q

When was Alexander’s educational reaction?

A

1871

30
Q

When was the Trial of the 50?

A

1877

31
Q

When was the case of Vera Zasulich?

She shot and wounded governor of St Petersburg, Dmitri Trepov.

A

1878

32
Q

What is enlightened despotism?

A

Where an all-powerful ruler grants domestic reforms in order to benefit his people

33
Q

What is a slavophile?

A

One who believes in the superiority of the Russian Empire, and its traditional values and beliefs

34
Q

What is a westerniser?

A

One who conforms with Western ideals and values; democratic government for example

35
Q

What was the Party of St Petersburg Progress?

A loose title.

A

The more liberal nobles and officals who gathered around more liberal positions of authority

36
Q

What was the Abolition of Serfdom?

Applied to private serfs in 1961, and state serfs in 1866.

A
  1. Granted serfs freedom and an allotment of land, while landowners recieved compensation
  2. Freed serfs were required to pay redemption payments over 49 years
  3. Mirs were made responsible for allocation of land, while volosts ruled over them
37
Q

What were redemption payments?

A

Serfs were required to pay money for their freedom

38
Q

What were volosts?

A

A peasant community consisting of several villages or hamlets, which eventually ran their own courts

39
Q

What were zemstva?

A

Locally elected government officials

40
Q

What was a kulak?

A

A prosperous landed peasant

41
Q

Ordered by Dmitry Milyutin

What was included in the military reforms of 1874 - 1875?

Give two points.

A
  • Conscription was made compulsory for all classes from the age of 21
  • Length of service was reduced from 25 to 15 years of active service, and 10 years in the reserves
  • Punishments were made less severe
  • System of military colonies was removed
  • Modern weaponry was introduced and a new command structure was established
  • Military colleges were set up to provide better training for the non-noble officers
  • Literacy in the army was improved, with mass army-education campaigns in the 1870s
42
Q

What was included in the local government reforms of 1864 - 1870?

Give two points.

A
  • System of elected local coucils was established, known as zemstva (singular zemstvo)
  • Electoral colleges created for peasants, Church, townspeople and nobles
  • Zemstva given power to improve public services, develop industrial projects and administer poor relief in times of hardship
43
Q

What was included in the judiciary reforms of 1864?

Give two points

A
  • Equality before the law was established with a single system of local, provincial and national courts
  • Criminal cases were heard before barristers and a jury, selected from lists of property owners
  • Local Justices of the Peace were elected every 3 years by the zemstva
  • Courts were opened to the public
44
Q

Ordered by Alexander Golovnin.

What was included in the educational reformsof 1863 - 1864?

Give two points.

A
  • Universities were given the opportunity to govern themselves and appoint their own staff
  • responsibility for school was transferred from the Russian-Orthodox Church to the zemstva
  • primary and secondary education was extended; those who wanted a classical education could go to a gimnaziya, while ‘modern’ schools offered an alternative
  • schools were declared open to all regardless of class and sex
45
Q

What was included in the censorship reform from 1858 - 1870?

A
  • relaxation of press censorship
  • foreign publications were permitted with government approval
  • press could comment on government policies

However there was a re-tightening of government control in the 1870s.

46
Q

When was the death of Alexander II’s son and heir?

A

1865

47
Q

Who was the ‘Black Tsar’?

A

Konstantin Pobedonotztev

48
Q

In 1866, Alexander replaced many ministerial positions with more** Conservative ministers**. Give two examples.

A
  • Dmitry Tolstoy replacing Golovnin as Minister for Education
  • Aleksandr Timashev replacing Pyotr Valuev as Minister of Internal Affairs
  • Pyotr Shuvalov as head of the Third Section
  • Konstantin Pahlen as Minister of Justice
49
Q

Give some education counter-reforms of Alexander II.

Give two.

A
  • Church regained authority over rural schools
  • From 1871, only students from gimnazyas could progress to university
  • Liberal courses at universities were replaced by a traditional curriculum
  • Censorship was tightened
50
Q

Give some police, law and control counter-reforms of Alexander II.

Give two.

A
  • searches and arrests saw an increase
  • governor-general established in 1879 with emergency powers
  • Pahlen held ‘show trials’ to deter future wrongdoers
  • political crimes move to secret courts in 1878
51
Q

What were the People’s Will’s core beliefs?

A

Radical change to the system, carried out through terrorist attacks

52
Q

What were Great Repartition’s core ideas?

A

Liberal change through moderate actions e.g. news publishing, protests

53
Q

What percentage of state income did poll tax make up?

A

25%

54
Q

What was the foreign investment of roubles in 1880?

A

98 million

55
Q

How many serfs were emancipated in 1861?

A

51 million

56
Q

Over how many years were redemption payments?

A

49 years

57
Q

When was Karl Marx’s ‘Das Kapital’ released in Russia?

A

1872

58
Q

What was a Narodnik?

A

A populist, typically part of the educated class.

59
Q
A

Tsarist Russia AQA (8 decks)

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