Alexis HD

Question 1

Acute Inflammation Stages

Answer 1

-Vasodilation
-Increased vascular permeability
-Edema
-Leukocyte (neut) recruitment
-Rolling, pavementing, migrating
-Leukocyte activation
-Phagocytes, killing, degradation

VASO = EDEMA = LEUKOCYTES

Question 2

Answer 2

GRANULATION TISSUE

Question 2

What makes FGF?

Answer 2

MACS
-make cytokines, chemokines, interleukins

Question 3

Cancer In Men (Incident/Death)

Answer 3

Incidence: Prostate

Death: Lung

Question 4

Main Cause of this Cancer?

Answer 4

Lung Cancer = Smoking

Question 5

Cancer In Women (Incident/Death)

Answer 5

Incidence: Breast
Death: Lung

Question 6

Answer 6

Intestinal metaplasia and esophagus
cancer at gastroesophageal junction
-Circle in middle is the cancer, middle is metaplasia
-Gastric gases squirted up due to GERD

NORMAL - METAPLASIA - CANCER

Question 7

Answer 7

Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis

Question 8

Hereditary Hemochromatosis

Answer 8

-Mutant HFE gene product involved in regulating iron uptake via hepcidin
-Decreased hepcidin causes increased iron uptake causes hemochromatosis with cirrhosis

Question 9

EDEMA

Answer 9

Increased fluid in interstitial spaces (bc of increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure)

Cancer in lymph nodes –> edema

Question 10

What is involved in anticoagulation?

Answer 10

Heparin like molecules

Question 11

What is involved in anti platelet?

Answer 11

Prostacyclin and Nitric oxide

Question 12

Prothrombotic Properties of Injured or Stimulated Endothelium

Answer 12

Platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen via von Willebrand factor
-activates extrinsic clotting pathway via tissue factor

Question 13

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Answer 13

Deep leg vein thrombi to RIGHT side of the heart

Question 14

Answer 14

Pulmonary thromboembolus (circled) obstructing pulmonary artery and consequent hemorrhagic infarct of lung
distally

Question 15

What is an infarct?

Answer 15

-Ischemia causing tissue death
-Coagulative necrosis

Question 16

Septic Shock

Answer 16

-Triggered by multiple microbial constituents
-Activate Macs, neutros, endothelium
-Vasodilation, endothelial damage (DAD DIC)

Question 17

Which layer in the tunica does atherosclerosis affect?

Answer 17

INTIMAL thickening (intima)

Question 18

What does atherosclerosis mean?

Answer 18

Lipid rich HARDENING / GRUDGE

Question 19

Plaque Complications

Answer 19

-Stenosis
-Rupture: embolism
-Hemmorrhage: occlusion
-Thrombosis: occlusion and embolism
-Aneursym

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Thromboembolism occluding arterial lumen

Question 22

Coagulative

Answer 22

Ischemia / Infarcts

Question 23

Liquifactive

Answer 23

Focal bacteria infections, abscesses

Question 24

Fibrinoid

Answer 24

AgABC complexes, radiation

Question 25

Caseous

Answer 25

Tuberculosis

Question 26

Events in Cell Injury/Death

Answer 26

1. Mitochondria -Hypoxia, toxins, radiation -Failure of ox. phos. -Decrease ATP generation 2. Plasma -Failure of ATP dependent NA Pumps -Na rushes in, water follows, cell swells 3. Lysosomal -Enzymatic digestion of cell components

Question 27

Examples of Apoptosis?

Answer 27

Sloughing of dead endometrial cells -Embryogenesis -Involution: menstruate, post lactation -Neuts and lymphs in resolving inf -Killer T cell activation (viral) -DNA damaged cells

Question 28

Hypertrophy

Answer 28

INCREASE IN CELL SIZE

Question 29

Hyperplasia

Answer 29

INCREASE IN NUMBERS OF CELLS

Question 30

Examples of hyperplasia?

Answer 30

lactating breast in a woman's last trimester of pregnancy

Question 31

Answer 31

metaplasia transitions into neoplasia in the esophagus

Question 32

Macrophages create ___ in inflammation

Answer 32

fibroblasts

Question 33

Edema: difference between exudate and transudate

Answer 33

-Exudate has PROTEIN AND fluid leakage -Transudate has just fluid leakage

Question 34

what is the best target for carcinogens grow

Answer 34

I am assuming to stop cancer growth. I didn't know the answer BUT two of the options were to target bone marrow cells or toipent cells.

Question 35

Answer 35

Macrophages

Question 36

Another question asked along the lines of chronic inflammation and viral infection. The main point is that chronic inflammation and viral infection both consists of ____

Answer 36

LYMPHOCYTES

Question 37

Acute vs Chronic Inflammation

Answer 37

Chronic has scarring fibrosis

Question 38

Q will be: what is NOT apart of the outcome in chronic inflammation?

Answer 38

Usual Suspects -TB -Sarcoidosis -Fungi -Foreign bodies -Protozoans/parasites

Question 39

Answer 39

Liemyosarcoma invading wall of myometrium -Circle part is the invasion, malignant tumor of smooth muscle cells

Question 40

Benign vs Malignant

Answer 40

-Benign: not harmful, not cancer, don't invade, don't spread, slow growth -Malignant: cancer, invade, spread, quick growth

Question 41

Tumor

Answer 41

Lump or mass

Question 42

Neoplasia

Answer 42

new shape or new mold, just NEW thing that wasn't there before, new growth (could be benign or malignant)

Question 43

Carcinoma

Answer 43

all cancer, derived from epithelial cells

Question 44

Sarcoma

Answer 44

all cancer, derived from connective tissue or messenchymal tissue

Question 45

Difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressor

Answer 45

Oncogenes: ONE mutation in alleles to be mutated (TOO MUCH GAS), GOF! Tumor suppressor: TWO mutations to cause mutation (NO BRAKES), LOF!

Question 46

What is a preneoplastic predisposition?

Answer 46

Cirrhosis! -unhealing wounds, endometrial hyperplasia, metaplasia, adenoma, ulcerative colitis

Question 47

What stage and grade has the worst prognosis?

Answer 47

-Grade: how ugly is it, how much it resembles tissue it is supposed to be (less recognizable = HIGHER grade) -Stage: how far has it gotten HIGH STAGE = WORSE

Question 48

What does “atherosclerosis” mean?

Answer 48

“Athero” porridge or gruel “sclerosis “ hardening

Question 49

Sporadic colon cancer

Answer 49

Familial adenomatous polyposis (same pathway)

Question 50

Autosomal Recessive disorders

Answer 50

-Only manifest when both alleles of a gene are mutant -Complete penetrance and uniform expression -Often involve enzymes EX: Hereditary Hemochromatosis

Question 51

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

Answer 51

-Manifest in heterozygous state -Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity -Usually effects non-enzyme proteins, receptors and structural proteins EX: Familial hypercholesterolemia

Question 52

Edema: colloid vs hydrostatic pressure

Answer 52