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x2 - Alimentary > Alimentary Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Alimentary Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

vertebral level of the umbilicus

A

L3/4

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2
Q

The inguinal ligament is attached to which 2 bony points

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

Pubic tubercle

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3
Q

Actions of external and internal obliques

A

Flexes and rotates trunk

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4
Q

Actions of rectus abdominis

A

Flexes trunk and controls tilt of pelvis

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5
Q

Innervation of external oblique and rectus abdominis

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-12

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6
Q

Innervation of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-L1

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7
Q

Anterior wall of inguinal canal

A

external oblique aponeurosis

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8
Q

Posterior wall of inguinal canal

A

Transversalis fascia

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9
Q

Roof of inguinal canal

A

Aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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10
Q

Floor of inguinal canal

A

Inguinal ligament

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11
Q

Deep inguinal ring is in the…

A

Transversalis fascia

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12
Q

Superficial inguinal ring is in the…

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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13
Q

Parietal peritoneum is innervated by…

A

T7-L1

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14
Q

Visceral peritoneum is innervated by…

A

autonomic nerves

Pain is referred to the midline

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15
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal (males)

A

Spermatic cord

Ilioinguinal nerve

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16
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal (females)

A

Round ligament of the uterus

Ilioinguinal nerve

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17
Q

Structures that pass through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

A

Oesophagus
vagus nerve
oesophageal branches of left gastric artery + vein
Lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Retroperitoneal parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum (apart from duodenal cap)

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19
Q

Intraperitoneal parts of small intestine

A

Duodenal cap
Jejunum
Ileum

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20
Q

3 thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the colon

A

Teniae coli

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21
Q

Pouches of colon btw the taniae

A

Haustra

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22
Q

Small, fatty appendices of the colon

A

Omental appendices

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23
Q

Intraperitoneal parts of the colon

A

Caecum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon

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24
Q

Retroperitoneal parts of the colon

A

Ascending colon

Descending colon

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25
McBurney's point
1/3rd distance from right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus Most common location of the base of the appendix
26
Spaces btw the ascending/descending colon and the abdominal wall
Paracolic gutters Potential sites for pus collection
27
Which ligament wraps around the porta hepatis?
Hepatoduodenal ligament | part of the lesser omentum
28
Structures of the portal triad
Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery Common hepatic duct
29
Calot's cystohepatic triangle is formed by...
Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Inferior surface of liver (contains the cystic artery)
30
The abdomen is divided into 4 quadrants by which 2 lines?
Median line | Trans-umbilical line
31
The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by which 4 lines?
Right and left midclavicular lines Subcostal line Transtubercular line (L5)
32
Indirect inguinal hernias - abdominal contents pass into the inguinal canal through...
the deep inguinal ring (which has a congenital weakness)
33
Direct inguinal hernias - abdominal contents pass into the inguinal canal through...
a weak spot in the posterior wall (transversalis fascia) of the inguinal canal
34
The passage between the greater and lesser sac is called the...
epiploic foramen
35
Intraperitoneal organs
``` Stomach Jejunum and ileum Liver Spleen Parts of the colon superior 1/3rd rectum ```
36
Attachments of the lesser omentum
Liver to lesser curvature of stomach
37
Attachments of the greater omentum
Greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
38
Artery supplying the foregut
Celiac trunk
39
Artery supplying the midgut
Superior mesenteric artery
40
Artery supplying the hindgut
Inferior mesenteric artery
41
3 sources of sympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least) Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia Abdominal aortic plexuses
42
2 sources of parasympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera
Anterior and posterior vagal trunks | Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2 - 4)
43
Location of ganglia for sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic - ganglia at target organ | Sympathetic - ganglia in sympathetic chain
44
The expanded upper part of the ureter is called...
The renal pelvis
45
The ureter is constricted at 3 locations...
1. Junction of the ureter and renal pelvis 2. Crossing external iliac vessels 3. Traversing the bladder wall
46
Blood supply and drainage of the oesophagus
Left gastric artery and vein | lymph drainage = left gastric lymph nodes
47
2 orifices of the stomach
Cardiac orifice | Pyloric orifice
48
Gastric folds/ rugae are most apparent in which parts of the stomach
Body and antrum
49
Parts of the stomach | from top to bottom
Fundus Body Antrum Pylorus
50
Arterial arcades have multiple loops in the...
Ileum
51
The vasa recta are longer in the...
Jejunum
52
Venous drainage of the rectum
Superior, middle and inferior rectal vein
53
Arterial supply of the rectum
Superior 1/3rd = superior rectal arteries | Inferior 2/3rds = left and right middle rectal arteries
54
Attachments of the transverse mesocolon
Transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall
55
Ligament attaching the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
falciform ligament
56
Ligament that continues from the falciform ligament
Round ligament of the liver (remnant of the umbilical vein)
57
The horizontal plane at L1 is called... | And how is it located?
The transpyloric plane | Halfway btw the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the superior border of the pubic symphysis
58
Structures present in the transpyloric plane
``` Pylorus Pancreas (neck) Gallbladder Spleen 9th costal cartilage ```
59
Attachments of the coronary ligament
Liver to inferior surface of diaphragm (Right of falciform ligament)
60
Attachments of the left triangular ligament
liver to inferior surface of diaphragm (Left of falciform ligament)
61
4 lobes of the liver
Right Left Caudate (anterior) Quadrate (posterior)
62
The portal triad consists of the...
Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery Common hepatic duct
63
The hilum of the liver containing the portal triad is called...
The porta hepatis
64
The fold of peritoneum around the porta hepatis is called...
The hepatoduodenal ligament
65
The spleen is related to which ribs (surface markings)
9 - 11
66
Six components of bile
Bile acids Lethicin Cholesterol Bile pigments (Bilirubin) Toxic metals (have been detoxified in liver) Bicarbonate (secreted by duct cells not hepatocytes)
67
Function of the gall bladder
Absorbs H2O and Na+ to concentrate bile
68
Function of crypt cells in small intestine
Secrete Cl- ions, H2O follows
69
Migration Motility Complex (MMC)
A peristaltic wave from antrum to distal ileum | Travel one after the other
70
Types of gastritis
A - autoimmune B - bacterial C - chemical injury
71
Gastrin is secreted by .... in response to ...
G cells | in response to peptides in the stomach lumen
72
Actions of gastrin
Gastric acid secretion Histamine secretion peristalsis
73
Histamine is secreted by … in response to ...
ECL cells | in response to gastrin
74
Gastric acid is secreted by... in response to ...
Parietal cells | in response to gastrin and histamine
75
Pepsinogen is secreted by … in response to …
chief cells | in response to low pH (<3)
76
Pepsin is a...
protease
77
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by … in response to ...
K cells | in response to chyme entering the duodenum
78
action of GIP
Insulin secretion
79
Secretin is secreted by … in response to ...
S cells | in response to chyme entering the duodenum
80
Actions of secretin
decreased gastric secretion and gastric emptying HCO3- secretion from Brunner's glands, pancreas and bile ducts
81
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by … in response to ...
Enteroendocrine cells | in response to chyme entering the duodenum
82
Actions of CCK
Gallbladder contraction + relaxation of sphincter of oddi zymogen secretion from pancreas
83
Conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin
catalysed by brush-border bound enterokinase in the duodenum
84
Action of trypsin
converts other zymogens to their active forms
85
The liver develops in the...
Ventral mesogastrium
86
The spleen develops from the ... in the ...
Derived from the mesoderm develops in the dorsal mesogastrium
87
Development of the pancreas
2 buds grow from the duodenum and fuse as it rotates
88
Early development of the midgut
Forms the primary intestinal loop protrudes into the umbilical cord in week 6 (physiological herniation) Rotates Retracts in week 10
89
Incomplete separation of the laryngotracheal tube causes...
Oesophageal atresia/ | trachea-oesophageal fistula
90
If the ventral bud of the pancreas fails to migrate, this may lead to the formation of...
an annular pancreas | may cause duodenal stenosis
91
Meckel's diverticulum is formed when...
A small piece of vitelline duct persists
92
If the lateral folds fail to fuse during embryonic folding and abdominal organs herniate without a peritoneal covering, this is called...
Gastroschisis
93
If the primary intestinal loop doesn't retract and abdominal organs herniate with a peritoneal covering, this is called...
Omphalocele

x2 - Alimentary (2 decks)

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