Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gastrointestinal > Alimentary Canal Pt.2 > Flashcards

Alimentary Canal Pt.2 Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the principle dietary constituents

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which nutrients are macromolecules

A

Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do we store nutrients as macromolecules instead of as monomers

A

More monomers creates a higher osmotic pressure than a single macromolecules
Controls breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are different chains of carbohydrates called and how many are in the chain

A

Monosaccharides - 1 molecule
Disaccharides - 2 molecules
Oligosaccharides - 3-9 molecules
Polysaccarides - 10+ molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three main hexoses monosaccharides and are they aldoses or ketoses

A

Glucose - aldoses
Galactose - aldoses
Fructose - ketoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are simple sugars chains or cyclical in shape

A

Cyclical - Carbon 1 joins to carbon 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In hexoses what does alpha or beta mean

A

Alpha - OH are on the same side
Beta - OH are on opposite sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the different forms of glucose

A

Alpha-D-glucose
Alpha-L-glucose
Beta-D-glucose
Beta-L-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most common form of glucose

A

Beta-D-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three main disaccharides called and what are they formed from

A

Glucose + glucose = maltose
Glucose + galactose = lactose
Glucose + fructose = sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what bonds form between monosaccharides to make a chain

A

Glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which enzymes break down maltose, sucrose and lactose

A

Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

People with lactose intolerance don’t have which chemical in their GIT

A

Lactase
sugar is instead fermented by bacterial and form acids and gases causing irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides and if they are branched

A

Glycogen - highly branched
Starch - moderately branched
Cellulose - unbranched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are cellulose and starch beta or alpha bonded

A

Cellulose - Beta
Starch - Alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why cant human or any other mammals breakdown cellulose

A

Amylase doesn’t breakdown beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Cellulose is instead considered dietary fibre (bulks up faeces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch and where can it be found

A

Amylase
Pancreas and salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where on the cell are the apical and basolateral membranes found on epithelial cells

A

Apical membranes can be found on the top (by the lumen)
Basolateral membranes can be found on the bottom of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are tight junctions found in the intestines

A

Between epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What types of transport across the membrane are there and what type of transport is it

A

Paracellular (between the cells) - passive diffusion
Transcellular (passes through membranes without transporter) - passive or active
Vectoral (carrier required to cross each membrane and requires nucleus in cell - active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is a gradient requires for glucose and galactose to pass though the membrane
What makesthe gradient

A

Yes
ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What transporter brings Na and Glucose across the apical membrane

A

SGLT1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What transporter moves glucose from the cell in to the blood

A

GLUT2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What GLUT transporters are there and where are they found

A

GLUT1 - blood cells and blood brain barrier
GLUT2 - liver, pancreas, intestines and kidney
GLUT3 - brain
GLUT4 - adipose tissue and skeletal muscle (insulin dependant)
GLUT5 - sperm (transports fructose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Does SGLT1 transport aldoses or ketoses
Aldoses - glucose and galactose
26
Is a gradient requires for fructose to pass though the membrane What is it called
No
27
Which transporter moves fructose into the cell
GLUT5
28
What allows fructose to leave the cell
GLUT2
29
Which of the 3 simple sugars can help with rehydration
Glucose and galactose
30
Proteins are made up of which monomer
Amino acids
31
What bond joins amino acids together What is the process called
Peptide bonds Condensation
32
Which enzyme breaks down proteins
Proteases
33
Difference between endo and exo peptidases
Endo - breaks up with in molecule Exo - breaks up from the edges
34
Are aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases exo or endo peptidases
Exopeptidases
35
Single amino acid transport makes up what percentage of protein transport
30%
36
What creates a Na gradient for amino acid transportation
ATPase
37
Which molecule transports Na and a single amino acid across the apical membrane
SAAT1
38
What pulls Na into the cell while expelling H ions and creating a H ion gradient
NHE3
39
Which transporter bring H ions and dipeptides into the cell
PepT1
40
Dipeptide transport makes up what percentage of protein transport
70%
41
What can cross the apical membrane via PepT1
Dipeptides antibiotics penicillin
42
What form are most fats in
triacylglycerol
43
Draw the structure of glycerol and triacylglycerols
Check google for the answers
44
which enzyme breaks down fats
Lipase
45
Are fats hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
46
Is lipase hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophilic
47
Is fat degradation fast or slow Why
Slow Fats are hydrophobic and lipase is hydrophilic so they don't mix Without emulsifiers degradation can only take place on the surface of the droplet
48
Where does fat digestion take place
Small intestines
49
Where is lipase produced
Pancreas
50
Triacylglycerol + lipase -->
Monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids
51
Where is bile synthesised
Liver - hepatocytes
52
What are biles salts function
Emulsifier/surfactant - amphipathic molecule
53
How do emulsifiers benefit lipase
Increases surface area for the lipase to act on
54
What factors are required for emulsifaction
Mechanical disruption Emulsifying agent
55
What are tiny emulsions droplets also know as
Micelles
56
What is in a micelle drop
Bile salts Monoglycerides Fatty acids Phospholipids
57
Once broken down to fatty acids and monoglyceride (hydrophobic) where do the molecules go
Can diffuse through the cell membrane
58
In the epithelium cell where do fatty acids and monoglycerides move to Why
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum To make triacylglycerol
59
If a molecule is transported out of the cell by a vesicle is it exocytosis or endocytosis
Exocytosis
60
If a molecule is transported into othe cell is it exocytosis or endocytosis
Endocytosis
61
In the cell where does the triacylglycerol go before being transported out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
62
Once triacylglycerol leaves the cell what is it called
Chylomicron
63
Where do chylomicrons get absorbed
Lacteal
64
Where do lacteals take the chylomicrons
Lymphatic system
65
What do chylomicrons contain
Triacylglycerol Phospholipids Cholesterol Vitamins
66
What are the two classes of vitamins
Water soluble Fat soluble
67
Name the fat soluble vitamins and how the enter the body
A D E K Through lacteals in chylomicrons
68
Name water soluble vitamins and how they enter the body
B C Folic acid Passive diffusion or carrier mediated transport
69
What is produced in the stomach and binds to B12 What is produced
Intrinsic factors Complex
70
Vit B12 complex is absorbed where in the GIT
Distal ileum
71
What does Vit B12 deficiency cause
Pernicious anemia
72
How long can symptoms of pernicious anaemia take to show Why
3 years Lots of Vit B12 stored
73
What is pernicious anaemia/symptoms of pernicious anaemia
Failure of red blood cell maturation Effect on neurons
74
Is vit B12 hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophilic (highly charged)
75
Where is Vit B12 stored
Liver and other tissues
76
How do we administer Vit B12 in cases of deficiency
Intramuscular injection Unable to absorb Vit B12 through the gut
77
How much of ingested iron we consume do we absorb into our body
10%
78
Where is iron absorbed
Intestines - brush border - into duodenal enterocytes
79
Which transporter carries iron into the body
DMT1
80
Iron ions are incorporated into ferritin What is ferritin
Protein iron complex - intracellular iron store
81
What iron crosses into the blood
Unbound iron
82
In blood where does iron bind to
transferrritin
83
What is hyperaemia and how does the body fix it
Increased iron in blood More iron binds to enterocytes
84
What is anaemia and how does the body fix it
Decreased iron in the blood More iron released into the blood
85
Is ferric divalent (+2) or trivalent (+3)
Trivalent
86
How is ferric (+3) reduced to ferrous
DCytb
87
Why must iron be reduced to ferrous (+2)
DMT1 transporter only carries divalent molecules

Gastrointestinal (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions