Alimentary System Anatomy Class 1

Question 1

Which ribs make up the costal margin ?

Answer 1

7-10

Question 2

At which vertebral level is the xiphoid process found ?

Answer 2

T9/T10

Question 3

Vertebral level of the illiac crest ?

Answer 3

L4

Question 4

What are the 4 quadrants that physicians section the abdomen into ?

Answer 4

Upper right quadrant
Upper left quadrant
Lower right quadrant
Lower left quadrant

Question 5

What are the 9 areas of the abdomen medically speaking ?

Answer 5

Right hypochondrium
Left hypochondrium
Epigastrum
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Umbillicus
Right illiac fossa
Left illiac fossa
Hypogastrium

Question 6

What imaginary line separates the hypochondrial areas from the umbilicus ?

Answer 6

Sub-costal line (10th costal cartilage)

Question 7

Which imaginary line separates the umbilicus and lumbar regions from the hypogastrium ?

Answer 7

Trans-tubercular plane (two tubercles of the illiac crest)

Question 8

Which important artery and organ is found along the sub-costal plane ?

Answer 8

Origin of the inferior mesenteric artery and 3rd part of the duodenum

Question 9

Which important confluence is found along the Trans-tubercular plane ?

Answer 9

L5: The confluence of the common illiac veins (IVC origin)

Question 10

Name the muscles of the anterio-lateral abdominal wall

Answer 10

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus Abdominis

Question 11

What is the action(s) of the External Oblique muscles ?

Answer 11

To compress and support abdominal viscera and to allow flexion and rotation

Question 12

What is the action(s) of the Internal oblique ?

Answer 12

To compress and support the abdominal viscera, allows rotation and assists in forced respiration

Question 13

What is the action(s) of the Transversus Abdominis ?

Answer 13

Compresses and supports abdominal viscera and also supports the body when squatting or when in a bent over position.

Question 14

What is the action(s) of the Rectus Abdominis ?

Answer 14

Flexion of the trunk and lumbar spine

Question 15

What is the innervation of the External Oblique muscles ?

Answer 15

The anterior rami of T7-T11 and subcostal nerves

Question 16

What is the innervation of the Internal Oblique muscles ?

Answer 16

Anterior rami of T7-T11, subcostal nerves and the first lumbar nerve.

Question 17

What is the innervation of the Transversus Abdominis muscles ?

Answer 17

The lovwer costal nerves and also spinal nerve roots T7-T11 (anterior rami)

Question 18

What is the innervation of the Rectus Abdominis muscle ?

Answer 18

The lower 6 thoracic nerves

Question 19

What is the difference between the rectus sheath above and below the umbilicus ?

Answer 19

The rectus sheath is not present below the umbilicus

Question 20

What is the rectus sheath formed by ?

Answer 20

The aponeurosis of the transversus Abdominis and the internal and external oblique muscles.

Question 21

The linea alba is composed of what kind of tissue ?

Answer 21

Collagen and connective tissue and is formed by the fusion of the aponeurosis and the abdominal muscles.

Question 22

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus ?

Answer 22

Between L3 and L4

Question 23

What is a Dermatome ?

Answer 23

A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve

Question 24

The inguinal canal is formed from ___

Answer 24

Layers of the abdominal wall pushing through the abdominal wall obliquely, thus forming a canal.

Question 25

The inguinal canal lies parallel to what structure ?

Answer 25

The inguinal ligamnet

Question 26

What are the attachments of the inguinal ligament ?

Answer 26

The illiac crest and the pubic tubercle

Question 27

What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal ?

Answer 27

The internal (deep) inguinal ring and the external (superficial) inguinal ring

Question 28

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal, posterior, anterior, inferior and superior.

Answer 28

Anterior wall: Internal oblique muscle laterally and aponeurosis of the external oblique. Posterior wall: Transversalis Fascia Superior (roof): Internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. Inferior (floor): Inguinal Ligament and lacunar ligament (medially)

Question 29

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males ?

Answer 29

The spermatic cord Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve Ilioinguinal nerve (branch of L1 nerve) Testes

Question 30

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females ?

Answer 30

``` The round ligament genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve ilioinguinal nerve (branch of L1 nerve) Ovaries Uterus ```

Question 31

What is the name of the layer that covers the testes ?

Answer 31

Tunica Vaginalis

Question 32

From which artery does the inferior Epigastric artery arise and with what other artery does it anastamose ?

Answer 32

External illiac artery and superior Epigastric artery

Question 33

What are the 4 Functional Layers of the GI tract histalogically speaking ?

Answer 33

1: Mucosa 2: Submucosa 3: Muscularis Propria 4: Serosa

Question 34

What is the surface marking of the liver?

Answer 34

Ribs 7-11 on the right side

Question 35

What is the surface marking of the gallbladder?

Answer 35

9th costal cartilage - Trans-pyloric plane

Question 36

What is the surface marking of the spleen?

Answer 36

Ribs 9-11 left side

Question 37

At what vertebral level is the sphincter of oddi found?

Answer 37

L2/3

Question 38

At what vertebral levels do the kidneys sit?

Answer 38

T12-L3

Question 39

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process?

Answer 39

T9

Question 40

At what vertebral level is the jugular notch?

Answer 40

T2

Question 41

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the 2 common illiac vessels?

Answer 41

L4/5

Question 42

What are the 3 oesophageal constrictions?

Answer 42

Cervical Thoracic Diaphragmatic

Question 43

Which artery supplies the abdominal part of the esophagus ?

Answer 43

Branches of the left gastric artery

Question 44

What is the venous drainage of the abdominal esophagus ?

Answer 44

Azygous vein and posterior intercostal veins

Question 45

What is the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal esophagus?

Answer 45

The lymphatic drainage will follow the left gastric artery to the celiac lymph nodes

Question 46

All 4 of the primary gastric groups of nodes eventually drain into which main group of nodes?

Answer 46

Celiac nodes

Question 47

Gastric carcinoma is most common along which part of the stomach?

Answer 47

Greater curvature

Question 48

Increased vagal stimulation of the pylorus will have what effect?

Answer 48

Increase pyloric opening and therefore will promote gastric emptying

Question 49

A Vagotomy will denervate which parts of the stomach ?

Answer 49

Fundus and the body

Question 50

A vagotomy spares supply to which part of the stomach?

Answer 50

Antrum - preserving gastric motility

Question 51

Where is the foregut/midgut boundry ?

Answer 51

The middle of the duodenum

Question 52

Which part of the colon are intraperitoneal and which parts are retroperitonised?

Answer 52

``` Intraperitoneal = Transverse colon Retroperitoneal = Ascendng and descending colon ```

Question 53

what is the pectinate line with regards to the rectum?

Answer 53

Where there is separation of the innervation of the rectum, visceral and parietal