Alimentary system clinical notes

Question 1

Mumps (paramyxovirus)

salivary gland

Answer 1

enlarged parotid salivary gland

Question 2

sialolithiasis

salivary gland

Answer 2

calculus (salivary gland stone)
most common in submandibular gland

Question 3

sialoadenitis

salivary gland

Answer 3

inflammation of the salivary gland

Question 4

otitis media

pharynx

Answer 4

middle ear infection (when auditory tube become blocked)
common in children

Question 5

tonsilitis

pharynx

Answer 5

inflammation of the tonsils
(commonly by bacteria/ virus)
possible treatment: surgically removed tonsil (tonsillectomy)

Question 6

Barrett’s oesophagus

oesophagus

Answer 6

stratified squamour epithelium of the lower oesophagus -> siimple columnar epithelium
due to chronic stomach acid exposure (LOS relaxes inappropriately)
metaplasia
increase risk of cancer

Question 7

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

oesophagus

Answer 7

abnormal connection between trachea and oesophagus -> swallowing difficulties
3 types (type A most common)

Question 8

oesophageal varices

oesophagus

Answer 8

dilated oesophageal vein
due to increased portal vein pressure
could rupture + bleed ->life-threatening

Question 9

duodenal ulcer

small intestines

Answer 9

mostly in posterior wall of superior part
due to infection/ non-steriodal inflammatory drugs
possible complication: oerforation (creating a hole in the duodenum)/ peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)

Question 10

coeliac disease

small intestines

Answer 10

example of malabsorption syndrome
gluten sensitivity

Question 11

Crohn’s disease

small intestine

Answer 11

inflammation across the gastrointestinal tract
could be associated with lesions in oral cavity
example of malabsorption syndrome

Question 12

Cystic fibrosis

small intestine

Answer 12

example of malabsorption syndrome
thickened secretion -> digestion difficulty

Question 13

Cystic fibrosis

pancreas

Answer 13

destruction of exocrine tissues in pancreas -> eventually block the pancreas -> reduce pancreas secretion

Question 14

pancreatic cancer

pancreas

Answer 14

block pancreas secretion
build up of bilirubin also stop bile from passing into small intestine

Question 15

hapatomegaly

liver

Answer 15

enlarged liver
a sign of underlying problem (e.g. liver problem, cardiac failure, cancer metastasis)

Question 16

cirrhosis

liver

Answer 16

scarring/ fibrosis of liver
due to inflammation/ chronic alcoholism

Question 17

obstructive jaundice

liver

Answer 17

yellowing of skin + sclera
due to build up of bilirubin

Question 18

hepatic carcinoma

liver

Answer 18

primary liver cancer
link to chronic liver disease + cirrhosis

Question 19

atrial septum defect

heart

Answer 19

incomplete closure of theforamen ovale
large defect results in hypertrophy of RA + RV

Question 20

ventricular septal defect

heart

Answer 20

hole connecting RV + LV
increase bp -> compromise lung + heart
results in hypertrophy

Question 21

atrioventricular septal defect

heart

Answer 21

abnormal connection between atria + ventricle
racing heart, weak pulse, required surgery

Question 22

infective endocarditis

heart

Answer 22

infection of endocardium (typically involve heart valve)
esp those alr damaged by Rheumatic heart disease - heart valves damaged by inflammatory disease, Congential abnormalities, prostheticvalves

Question 23

heart murmur

heart

Answer 23

growth of infected material inside valves
results in (e.g. stenosis - narrowing of valve, regurgitationi - back flow of blood)

Question 24

coronary heart disease

heart

Answer 24

blockage in coronary artery
coul dresults in ischaemia -> eventually myocardial infarction

Question 25

atrial fibrilation ## Footnote heart

Answer 25

rapid, irregular contraction of different part of the atria not life-threatening but could cause complications

Question 26

ventricular fibrilation ## Footnote heart

Answer 26

rapid, irregular contraction of the ventricle leads to cardiac arrest - fatal without treatment

Question 27

oro-antral fistula ## Footnote paranasal sinus

Answer 27

abnormal opening created between paranasal (maxillary) sinus + mouth most commonly due to a molor tooth extraction - floor of sinus is also taken out

Question 28

cricothyroidotomy ## Footnote larynx

Answer 28

anincision is made to the skin into the cricothyroid membrane to place a tube to maintain space in airway emergency only procedure

Question 30

Bell's palsy ## Footnote face

Answer 30

facial paralysis on 1 side only only diagnosed if no specific cause can be identified (i.e. not stroke)

Question 31

paratidectomy ## Footnote parotid gland

Answer 31

surgery removing the parotid gland risk of dmamging facial nerve branches - anterograde (find main facial nerve branch -> trace down)/ retrograde (find small branch -> trace down to main)

Question 32

facial reainmation ## Footnote face

Answer 32

3 types - immediate/ early reconstruction (dynamic): aim full function of face - intermediate reconstruction (dynamic): aim restore full function of face - late reconstruction (static): aesthetic purpose to make face more symmetrical

Question 33

hypoglossal-facial anastomosis ## Footnote face

Answer 33

part hypoglossal nerve is taken to join with facial nerve -> reinnervate facial muscles used for patients with intermediate duration length facial paralysis

Question 34

static reanimation using autogenous ## Footnote face

Answer 34

fascia lata - connective tissue from thigh taken out -> put into face through hairline to the corner of the mouth aim to provide symmetry to face

Question 35

torticollis ## Footnote neck

Answer 35

excess contraction/shortening of sternocleidomastoid