Aliphatic Synthesis Flashcards by Mawa Firdaus

Q

Alkene to Alkane

A

Hydrogenation
H2
Ni catalyst

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Q

Alkane to Haloalkanes

A

Free radical substitution
Halogen
UV light

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Q

Haloalkanes to Alcohols

A

Nucleophilic substitution
NaOH
Heat under reflux

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Q

Alcohols to Haloalkanes

A

Nucleophilic substitution
NaX (where X is a halogen)
H2SO4

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Q

Alcohols to Alkene

A

Dehydration
H3PO4
Heat

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Q

Alkene to Alcohols

A

Hydration
conc. H3PO4
Steam, heat

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Q

Alkene to Haloalkanes

A

Electrophilic Addition
Hydrogen halide
No conditions

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Q

Haloalkanes to Nitrile

A

Nucleophilic substitution
KCN
Ethanol

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Q

Haloalkanes to Primary Amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution
R-X
(excess) NH3/ ethanol

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Q

Primary amine to Secondary/Tertiary Amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution
R-X
NH3 (2:1 ratio) & (3:1 ratio)

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Q

Primary amine to Amide

A

Condensation
Acyl Chloride
No conditions

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Q

Nitrile to Primary amine

A

Reduction
H2
Ni catalyst

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Q

Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

A

Acid hydrolysis
HCl
Heat under reflux

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Q

Acyl chloride to Amide

A

Condensation
NH3 or amine
No conditions

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Q

Acyl chloride to Carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis
H2O
No conditions

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Q

Carboxylic acid to Acyl chloride

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A

No name
SOCl2
No conditions

Q

Alcohols to Aldehyde

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A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Distillation

Q

Alcohols to Ketone

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A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Heat under reflux

Q

Alcohols to Carboxylic acid

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A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Heat under reflux

Q

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

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A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7
Heat under reflux

Q

Aldehyde to Alcohols

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A

Reduction
NaBH4
No conditions

Q

Ketone to Alcohols

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A

Reduction
NaBH4
No conditions

Q

Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile

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A

Nucleophilic addition
NaCN/ H+
No conditions

Q

Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

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A

Nucleophilic addition
NaCN/ H+
No conditions

Carboxylic acid to Ester

- Esterification - Alcohol - Conc. H2SO4

Acyl chloride to Ester

- Esterification - Alcohol - No conditions

Acid anhydride to Ester

- Esterification - Alcohol - No conditions

Ester to Carboxylic acid and Alcohol

- Acid hydrolysis - HCl - H2O

Ester to Carboxylate and Alcohol

- Base hydrolysis - NaOH - No conditions