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A level- Chemistry COPY > Alkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Flashcards

1
Q

Why can carbon form so many compounds

A
  1. can form 4 covalent bonds
  2. can form single, double or triple bonds
  3. can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains
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2
Q

Definition of aliphatic

A

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings.

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3
Q

Definition of alicyclic

A

An aliphatic compound arranges in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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4
Q

Definition of aromatic

A

A compound containing a benzene ring

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5
Q

Definition of saturated

A

Single carbon-carbon bonds only

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6
Q

Definition of unsaturated

A

The presence of one or more carbon double bond

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7
Q

Definition of homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.

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8
Q

Definition of a functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.

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9
Q

General formula of alkanes

A

CxH2x+2

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10
Q

Names of alkanes

A 
1 carbon- methane
2 carbons- ethane
3 carbons- propane
4 carbons- butane
5 carbons- pentane
6 carbons- hexane
7 carbons- heptane
8 carbons- octane
9 carbons- nonane
10 carbons- decane
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11
Q

Draw cyclopentane using molecular, structural, displayed and skeletal formulas

A

Check page 12 of study pack

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12
Q

Naming alcohols

A

Contain suffix-ol
Always count from end which will give alcohol lowest number
use di, tri as well for more than 1 alcohol

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13
Q

Naming alkanes with side chains

A

methyl group- CH3
ethyl group- CH2CH3
Write at beginning of name e.g 3-methylpropane

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14
Q

Definition of general formula

A

Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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15
Q

Definition of structural formula

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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16
Q

Definition of displayed formula

A

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

17
Q

Definition of skeletal formula

A

The simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

18
Q

Structural isomers

A

Are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

19
Q

Draw structural isomers with formula C4H8

A

Check study pack p 31

20
Q

Definition of stereoisomers

A

Have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of groups in space

21
Q

Definition of chain isomers

A

different arrangement of carbon atoms

22
Q

Definition of functional group isomers

A

different functional group altogether

23
Q

Defintion of positional isomers

A

different positions of functional groups

24
Q

Complete combustion of alkanes equation

A

CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 –> xCO2 + y/2 H2O

25
Q

Incomplete combustion of alkanes equation

A
  1. CO is produced

2. only C is produced

26
Q

Why is incomplete combustion bad

A

Carbon monoxide is released which is toxic.

27
Q

State conditions needed for alkanes to react with halogens

A

UV light

28
Q

Write reaction of bromine with ethane using structural formula

A

CH3CH3 + Br2 –>CH3CH2Br +HBr

29
Q

Definition of a radical and show the symbol

A

A radical is a species with an unpaired electron.

The symbol is a dot

30
Q

What is the name of the mechanism in the reaction between methane and bromine

A

Radical substitution

31
Q

What are the names of the 3 stages involved in the reaction between and alkane and halogen

A

Initiation, Propagation and termination

32
Q

What happens in the initiation stage

A

The halogen is broken in to two radicals under the presence of UV light
Br2 –> 2Br.
The name of this type of bond breaking is homolytic fission

33
Q

Write equations for propagation stages using bromine and methane

A

Br. + CH4 –> CH3. + HBr

CH3. + Br2 –> CH3Br + Br.

34
Q

Write 3 equations for the termination stage using bromine and methane

A

2CH3. –>C2H6
2Br. –> Br2
CH3. + Br. –>CH3Br

35
Q

3 limitations of using radical substitution in organic synthesis

A
  1. Further substitution can occur
  2. Substitution at different positions on the C chain can occur
  3. The C chain may change length (double)
    It is difficult to synthesis only desired compounds
36
Q

Write general formula for a cycloalkane

A

CnH2n

37
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond to form two radicals- one electron from each pair goes to each atom

A level- Chemistry COPY (31 decks)

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