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OCR A A Level Chemistry > Alkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Flashcards

1
Q

What types of bonds does carbon form in compounds?

A

Covalent

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2
Q

How many bonds does carbon always form?

A

4 covalent bonds

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3
Q

Molecular formula

A

The number of atoms of each type of element in a molecule

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4
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest ratio of atoms of each type of element in a compound

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5
Q

Structural formula

A

This shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule

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6
Q

Displayed formula

A

This shows all the bonds between the atoms in a molecule

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7
Q

Skeletal formula

A

This shows the shape of the carbon skeleton

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8
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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9
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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10
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

OH

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11
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

COOH

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12
Q

Amine functional group

A

NH2

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13
Q

Alkene functional group

A

C=C

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14
Q

Chloro functional group

A

Cl

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15
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

CHO

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16
Q

Homologous series

A

A family of compounds containing the same functional group and the same general formula but with each successive member has an extra CH2

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17
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only

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18
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

Only contains C-C single bonds

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19
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains a C-C multiple bond

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20
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

Branched, unbranched or non aromatic ring

21
Q

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

Non aromatic ring

22
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbon

A

Contains one or more benzene rings

23
Q

The general formula of an aliphatic alkane

A

CnH2n+1

24
Q

What is the structure of an aliphatic alkane?

A

They can have branched or unbranched chains

25
Q

What type of hydrocarbon are alkanes?

A

Saturated

26
Q

What types of bonds are the C-C and C-H bonds in alkanes?

A

Sigma bonds

27
Q

Sigma bonds

A

The overlap of orbitals between bonding atoms

28
Q

What is the bond angle and bond shape in alkanes?

A

109.5 and tetrahedral

29
Q

Why do alkanes not react with most common reagents?

A

Because they have high bond enthalpies due to strong bonds and they have a low polarity of the sigma bonds due to carbon and hydrogen having similar electronegativities

30
Q

Which alkanes will show structural isomerism?

A

Those with 4 or more carbons

31
Q

The general formula of a cyclic alkane?

A

CnH2n

32
Q

What two factors does the boiling points of alkanes depend on?

A

Chain length and chain branching

33
Q

What is the trend in boiling points with chain length in alkanes?

A

As the number of carbons increase, the boiling points will increase

34
Q

Explain the trend in boiling points with chain length in alkanes?

A

As the number of carbons increase there is more points of contact so there are more London forces present so more energy is needed to overcome the forces

35
Q

What is the trend in boiling points with chain branching in alkanes?

A

Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling points than their unbranched isomers

36
Q

Explain the trend in boiling points with chain branching in alkanes?

A

As the branching increases there is less points of contact so there is less London forces present so less energy is needed to overcome the forces

37
Q

Complete combustion

A

In a plentiful supply of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are produced

38
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When insufficient oxygen is present, carbon monoxide and water are produced and can also result in the formation of carbon and water

39
Q

Halogenation

A

When alkanes react with halogens such as chlorine and bromine

40
Q

What are the conditions of halogenation?

A

UV light

41
Q

What is the type of mechanism in halogenation?

A

Radical substitution

42
Q

What is the type of bond breaking in halogenation?

A

Homolytic fission

43
Q

Homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond to form 2 radicals

44
Q

What are the products of halogenation?

A

Haloalkane + either HCl or HBr

45
Q

Initiation step of halogenation

A

Chlorine radicals are produced because UV light has sufficient energy to break the Cl-Cl bond

46
Q

Radicals

A

Species that contain unpaired electrons

47
Q

Propagation step of halogenation

A

A radical reacts with a molecule, and a new radical and molecule are produced, leading to a chain reaction

48
Q

Termination step of halogenation

A

Two radicals combine and the reaction sequence stops

49
Q

What are two limitations of halogenation reactions?

A

Further substitution and substitution on different carbons

OCR A A Level Chemistry (1 decks)

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